Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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7-22 Percentage of Distance Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 7-26: Cumulative distribution for Pasadena, California 33 km run [Vaisnys and Vogel, 1995]. Jenkins et al. [1995] received spread spectrum signals from the TDRSS F3 satellite platform located at 61° W and determined cumulative fade distributions at 2.09 GHz for various geographic locations in the western and southwestern United States. The distributions were derived from amplitude measurements of the strongest return observable within each averaged delay profile. Measurements in 21 representative geographical locations in urban/suburban open plain, and forested areas were executed. In Figure 7-27 are shown example distributions for tree lined roads at 18° elevation in Sequoia National Park, California and at 41° elevation in Slidel, Louisiana. The very different characteristics of these distributions are due to the influence of elevation angle and the excessive shadowing and blockage at Sequoia National Park.
Investigations from Different Countries 7-23 Percentage of Time Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 Location Slidell, LS (41°) Sequoia N.P., CA (18°) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 7-27: Cumulative fade distributions at 2.09 GHz for tree-lined roads at two locations in the United States derived from spread spectrum transmissions [Jenkins et al., 1995]. In Figure 7-28 are shown cumulative distributions derived from measurements at 20 GHz (elevation angle = 46°) employing the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT) [Rice et al., 1996; Gargione et al., 1995]. The AMT is a “proof of concept breadboard terminal” comprised of a tracking antenna system atop a van and is being used to establish the operational capabilities of 20 GHz and 30 GHz mobile communication systems [Abbe et al., 1996]. Rice et al. defined the road types over which propagation measurements were made in the following way: • Category II: “A broad suburban thoroughfare lined with trees and buildings. The tree canopies cause intermittent blockage and the buildings are either too far removed from the roadside or not tall enough to cause significant blockage.” • Category III: “A small, two-lane roadway lined with trees and buildings. The tree canopies often cover the entire roadway and buildings are close enough to contribute to the fading process.” The curves labeled 1 and 3 in Figure 7-28 correspond to the Category II and the curves labeled 4 and 5 represent Category III. Curve 2, given by Gargione et al. [1995], was derived from measurements over a series of roads that encircle the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. The road types were characterized as being “surrounded by rolling hills with substantial amounts of foliage.”
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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