Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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12-16 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems θ = 15 . θ (12-23) r o and where the beam center is in the direction of the satellite. The factor of 1.5 (as opposed to 2) is used since a significant portion of the multipath energy comes from the region between the true specular reflection point and the horizon. Step 3: Obtain the Fresnel reflection coefficient R ij (in dB) where i represents the polarization of the incident wave and j is the polarization of the reflected wave. These reflection coefficients are tabulated for the sea at 1.5 GHz in Table 12-4 for horizontal polarization R HH , vertical polarization R VV , and circular polarization R CC . Table 12-4: Fresnel reflection coefficient values of the sea at 1.5 GHz for various polarizations. Elevation, θ (deg) Polarization Horiz., R HH (dB) Vertical, R VV (dB) Circular R CC (dB) 1 -0.03 -2.86 -1.34 2 -0.06 -5.83 -2.52 3 -0.09 -9.05 -3.57 4 -0.12 -12.58 -4.52 5 -0.15 -16.01 -5.39 6 -0.18 -17.41 -6.19 7 -0.21 -16.01 -6.94 8 -0.24 -13.95 -7.64 9 -0.27 -12.19 -8.3 10 -0.30 -10.81 -8.92 11 -0.33 -9.7 -9.52 12 -0.36 -8.81 -10.09 13 -0.39 -8.07 -10.64 14 -0.42 -7.46 -11.16 15 -0.45 -6.93 -11.67 16 -0.48 -6.48 -12.17 17 -0.51 -6.09 -12.65 18 -0.54 -5.74 -13.12 19 -0.57 -5.44 -13.58 20 -0.60 -5.16 -14.03 Step 4: Calculate the correction factor C θ in dB given by and C = 0 for θo ≥ 7° ( dB) θ (12-24)
Summary of Recommendations 12-17 C o o θ = ( θ − 7) / 2 for θ < 7° ( dB) . (12-25) Step 5: Find the mean power of sea reflected waves P r (in dB) relative to the direct power. This is given by Pr = Dr + Rij + Cθ ( dB) . (12-26) Step 6: Find the fading depth A (relative to the direct power) by substituting P r into Pr A = − dB ⎛ ⎞ α exp ⎜ ⎟ ( ), (12-27) ⎝ β ⎠ where the parameters α, β in (12-27) are tabulated in Table 12-5 for different fade exceedance percentages. The expression (12-27) and the tabulated values in Table 12-5 represent “best-fit” formulations of those given by the Nakagami-Rice distributions. The fading depth A is the dB difference between the signal of the direct incident wave and a threshold level that the resultant signal level exceeds with a probability of P percent of the time. As an example, consider a receiver system with circular polarization, at a frequency of 1.5 GHz, elevation angle of 6°, and an antenna gain of 10 dB. The fading depth at the 99% exceedance level may be shown to be –9 dB. Table 12-5: Parameters α, β at the given probabilities that fit (12-27) representing the Nakagami-Ricean Distribution. Probability (%) α β 1 9.5414 -10.3467 10 6.7844 -9.0977 50 2.9286 -3.5705 90 -8.1119 -8.6521 99 -24.8271 -6.9088 12.9.2 Fading Depth Dependence on Frequency and Significant Wave Height Examples of fading depth dependence on significant wave height and frequency are given in Figure 12-7 for the 99% probability. The curves assume the elevation angle is 5°, circular polarization, the antenna gain is 15 dB, and wind-wave sea conditions are dominant. A significant wave height of 2 m results in approximate fading depths of 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 dB at frequencies of 10, 5, and 3 GHz, respectively.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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