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3-30 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems 3.7.4 ITU-R Fade Model at Elevation Angles above 60° The ITU-R has recommended that for elevation angles greater than 60°, the ERS model be linearly interpolated with the fade values listed in Table 3-2 (at 80°) and plotted in Figure 3-28 for the frequencies of 1.6 GHz or 2.6 GHz at the indicated percentages [ITU- R, 1994]. The tabulated values in the right two columns of Table 3-2 were derived from measurements described by Smith et al. [1993]. We have extended this methodology below to apply to the formulation (3-1) employing the following steps: 1. Apply equation (3-1) at the frequency of 1.6 GHz and 2.6 GHz at an elevation angle of 60° (values in the second and third columns). 2. Linearly interpolate between the fade calculated for an angle of 60° and the fade for an elevation angle of 80° provided in Table 3-2 (second and fourth columns) at 1.6 GHz. 3. Linearly interpolate between the value calculated for an angle of 60° and the fade values for an elevation angle of 80° provided in Table 3-2 at 2.6 GHz (third and fifth columns) only for percentages of 15% and smaller. 4. Linearly interpolate between the values in the fourth and fifth columns in Table 3-2 and a value of zero at 90° to arrive at fade levels at elevation angles between 80 ° and 90 ° . The above methodology is self-consistent at 1.5 GHz for percentages between 1% and 30% in that the 60° elevation fade values derived from the EERS model are larger than the respective tabulated 80° fade values at the same percentages. On the other hand, this is not the case at 2.6 GHz for percentages of 20% and larger (see columns three and five of Table 3-2 showing values with *). It is therefore suggested that at 2.6 GHz the above methodology be used at percentages of 15% and smaller as stated in Step 3 above. In Figure 3-29 is shown plotted the L-Band (1.5 GHz) fade exceeded versus elevation angle showing linear interpolation of fades between angles 60° and 90°. Table 3-2: Fades exceeded at elevations of 60° and 80°. Percentage, P EERS Fade (dB) at Elevation = 60° Fade (dB) at Elevation = 80° f = 1.6 GHz f = 2.6 GHz f = 1.6 GHz f = 2.6 GHz 1 8.2 11.0 4.1 9.0 5 4.8 6.5 2.0 5.2 10 3.4 4.5 1.5 3.8 15 2.6 3.4 1.4 3.2 20 1.9 2.6* 1.3 2.8* 30 1.4 1.8* 1.2 2.5*
Attenuation Due to Roadside Trees: Mobile Case 3-31 Percentage of Time Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 Frequency 1.6 GHz 2.6 GHz 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 3-28: Cumulative distributions at 80° for frequencies of 1.6 and 2.6 GHz. Fade Exceeded (dB) 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1% 2% 5% 10% 20% 30% 50% 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Path Elevation Angle (deg) Figure 3-29: Fade versus elevation angle at L-Band (1.5 GHz) with ITU-R extension to 90°.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-12 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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7-28 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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