Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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10-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems that are potentially visible (satellites above 10°) regardless of the state. For example (for London) shows there is zero probability that only one satellite is visible for any of the states indicated. On the other hand, the probabilities are approximately 30%, 50%, and 20% that two, three, and four satellites are potentially visible, respectively. The joint probabilities that one, two, three, and four satellites are potentially visible and that they have clear states (i.e., CCCC) are approximately 0%, 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. Joint Probability (%) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ALL CCCC CCCS CCCB CCSS CCSB CCBB Mixed State CSSS CSSB CSBB CBBB SSSS SSSB SSBB SBBB BBBB =One =Two >=Four =Three Satellites Visible Figure 10-7: The joint probability for state mixtures of two, three, and four potentially visible satellites assuming the Globalstar constellation for observations made in Tokyo. Joint Probability (%) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ALL CCCC CCCS CCCB CCSS CCSB CCBB Mixed State CSSS CSSB CSBB CBBB SSSS SSSB SSBB SBBB BBBB =One =Two >=Four =Three Satellites Visible Figure 10-8: The joint probability of state mixtures of two, three, and four potentially visible satellites assuming the Globalstar constellation for observations made in London.
Optical Methods for Assessing Fade Margins 10-13 Joint Probability (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ALL CCCC CCCS CCCB CCSS CCSB CCBB Mixed State CSSS CSSB CSBB CBBB SSSS SSSB SSBB SBBB BBBB =One =Two >=Four =Three Satellites Visible Figure 10-9: The joint probability of state mixtures for two, three, and four potentially visible satellites assuming the Globalstar constellation for observations made in Singapore. 10.8 Satellite Diversity The geometry of the satellites in their constellation and the nature of the associated states corresponding to each satellite position at any instant of time suggest the employment of satellite diversity. Although satellite diversity using the Globalstar constellation has been previously described in Chapter 6 (Section 6.6), for purposes of completeness and chapter continuity, we again review the results here. 10.8.1 Single and Joint Fade Distributions In Figure 10-10, Figure 10-11 and Figure 10-12 are given a series of cumulative fade distributions for Tokyo, London, and Singapore assuming the Globalstar constellation relative to each geographic location. The distributions in each of these figures correspond to different types of satellite diversity communications systems. The distribution for the “Highest Satellite” is derived from a satellite diversity scenario where communications are switched to the satellite that assumes the highest elevation angle in the respective constellation, regardless of the path-state. The distribution labeled “Best Satellite” is also derived from multiple satellites where switching takes place relative to the satellite giving the smallest fade. In calculating this distribution, a decision for “best satellite” was made every 18 seconds before “hand over” was executed. At the 10% probability, the fades exceeded are 15 dB, 13 dB, and 19 dB for Tokyo, London, and Singapore, respectively. The average elevation angles for the constellation of satellites for Tokyo and Singapore are similar (40° and 38°, respectively). Nevertheless, Singapore tends to show larger fades for the “Best” and multiple satellite scenarios because of the
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Page 217 and 218: Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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