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10-18 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems gives a family of cumulative fade distributions for satellite elevation angles ranging between 2° and 87° as shown in Figure 10-5. Assuming the Globalstar constellation of satellites, cumulative fade distributions for various diversity scenarios are given in Figure 10-10, Figure 10-11 and Figure 10-12 for Tokyo, London, and Singapore. Corresponding diversity gain results for both “combining” and “hand-off” diversity are given in Figure 10-13, and Figure 10-14. These curves were derived under the assumption that London and Singapore has the same urban state characteristics as Tokyo (measured). These figures show that combining diversity may buy approximately 1 dB in fade margin relative to hand-off diversity. It is recommended that detailed measurements of the state characteristics are made at other locations around the world and cumulative fade distributions are derived independently without relying on the assumptions of the Tokyo measurements. Until such results are available the results given in this chapter should be used along with the stated caveats. 10.10 References Akturan, R. and W. J. Vogel [1994], “Photogrammetric Mobile Satellite Service Prediction,” Proceedings of the Eighteenth NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX XVIII) and the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Mini-Workshop, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 16-17, pp. 159-163. (JPL Publication 94-19; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California). Akturan, R. and W. J. Vogel [1995], “Optically Derived Elevation Angle Dependence of Fading for Satellite PCS,” Proceedings of the Nineteenth NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX XIX) and the Seventh Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Workshop (APSW VII), Fort Collins, Colorado, June 14-16, pp. 127-132. (JPL Publication 95-15; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California). Akturan, R. and W. J. Vogel [1995a], “Photogrammetric Mobile Satellite Service Prediction,” Electronics Letters, February 2, Vol. 31, No. 31, pp. 165-166. Akturan, R. and W. J. Vogel [1995b], “Elevation Angle Dependence of Fading for Satellite PCS in Urban Areas,” Electronics Letters, December 7, 1995, Vol. 31, No. 25, pp. 2156-2157. Akturan, R. and W. J. Vogel [1997], “Path Diversity for LEO Satellite-PCS in the Urban Environment,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 45, No. 7, pp. 1107-1116. Bovik, A. C. [1991], “Digital Image Processing,” The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. Karasawa, Y., K. Minamisono, and T. Matsudo [1995], “A Propagation Channel Model for Personal Mobile-Satellite Services,” in Proceedings of Progress of Electromagnetic Research Symposium of the European Space Agency (ESA), Noordwijk, The Netherlands, July, pp. 11-15.
Optical Methods for Assessing Fade Margins 10-19 Loo, C. [1985], “A Statistical Model for a Land Mobile Satellite Link,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 1985, VT-34, Vol. 3, pp. 122-127. Schindall, J. [1995], “Concept and Implementation of the Globalstar Mobile Satellite System,” Proceedings of 4 th International Mobile Satellite Conference, Ottawa, Canada, June, pp. A11-A16. Vogel, W. J., [1997], “Satellite Diversity for Personal Satellite Communications- Modeling and Measurements,“ Tenth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP 97),” Vol. One, Conference Publication, No. 436, pp. 1269-1272. Vogel, W. J., and U. S. Hong [1988], ”Measurement and Modeling of Land Mobile Satellite Propagation at UHF and L-Band,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-36, No. 5, pp. 707-719.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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