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6-8 6.5.1 Joint Probabilities Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems In Figure 6-6 are shown a family of cumulative fade distribution functions derived from the above mentioned simulation. The curve labeled d = 0 represents the single terminal cumulative fade distribution corresponding to data acquired from over 400 km of driving in Australia. The curves labeled d = 1 to 10 m represent the individual joint probability cumulative fade distribution for the indicated antenna separations (in the direction of vehicle motion). Such a distribution represents the joint probability that two antennas spaced a distance d mutually exceed the abscissa value of fade. Finally, the curve labeled “independent fading” corresponds to the joint distribution of two links with single terminal fading, assuming that the two are independent. We note that the joint probabilities tend to coalesce with increasing antenna separation at about 2/3 the dBdistance to the independent fading case. That is, the fade distributions for 8 m and 10 m separations have insignificant differences. 6.5.2 Diversity Improvement Factor, DIF The DIF is defined as Po ( A) DIF( A, d) = , (6-5) P ( A) d where P0(A) represents the single terminal probability distribution at the fade depth A, and Pd(A) represents the joint probability distribution for an antenna spacing d assuming the same attenuation A is exceeded. These probabilities may be obtained from Figure 6- 6. Employing the above results, a least square estimate of DIF was derived given by, [ 0. 2 ln( ) 0. 23] DIF ( A, d) = 1+ A d + , (6-6) where d is the antenna separation expressed in m and A is the fade depth in dB. In Figure 6-7 are plotted a family of curves of DIF as a function of fade depth for antenna separations between 1 and 10 m. We note, for example, that DIF(8,1) ≈ 3. This implies that when the antennas are separated 1 m, the distance over which the signal is received above noise is three times greater for diversity operation relative to the single terminal case assuming an 8 dB fade margin. At the larger separations for any given fade depth, the rate at which DIF increases is shown to diminish rapidly.
Polarization, Antenna Gain and Diversity Considerations 6-9 Percentage of Distance Fade > Abscissa 100.0 8 6 4 2 10.0 8 6 4 2 1.0 8 0.1 6 4 2 Independent Fading d = 0 m d = 1 m d = 10, 8, 4, 2 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 6-6: Single and joint probability fade distributions for mobile communications operating in a space diversity mode with antennas separated by the distance, d. Diversity Improvement Factor 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 m 8 m 4 m 2 m 1 m 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 6-7: Diversity Improvement Factor (DIF) as a function of fade depth for a family of antenna separation distances.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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