13-2 Doppler spectrum, 11-4, 11-29 driving direction, 3-18, 4-5, 4-10, 4-12, 6-7, 7-13, 7- 14, 12-9 E EERL, 1-6, 8-3, 8-13, 8-16, 8-17, 8-18, 8-20, 8-22, 8- 23, 8-25, 8-26, 8-27, 8-29, 8-35 EERS, 1-2, 3-1, 3-4, 3-5, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3- 12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 3-17, 3-18, 3-24, 3-25, 3-26, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, 3-32, 5-4, 7-3, 7-17, 7-18, 7-19, 7-20, 7-24, 7-25, 7-26, 11-10, 11-31, 12-4, 12-5, 12-11, 12-12, 12-21 EERS <strong>for</strong>mulation, 3-5, 12-5 EERS Model, 3-8, 3-25, 7-3 effects <strong>of</strong> foliage, 12-4 EFM, 1-2, 3-1, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-32 elevation angles, 3-30, 5-7, 9-1, 12-3 EMM, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15 empirical fading model, 1-2, 3-1, 3-27 empirical multipath model, 4-13, 4-15, 12-5 empirical regression models, 11-4, 12-20, 12-21 empirical roadside shadowing, 3-1 Engl<strong>and</strong>, 2-16, 3-34, 5-8, 5-9, 7-2, 7-3, 7-8, 7-9, 7-10, 7-11, 7-12, 10-10, 10-15 ERS, 3-1, 3-4, 3-5, 3-15, 3-24, 3-25, 3-27, 3-28, 3-30, 3-32, 11-10 ESA, 1-2, 3-18, 3-25, 3-34, 7-6, 7-28, 10-18 ETS-V, 3-13, 5-1, 5-3, 6-11, 7-2, 7-14, 7-15, 7-29 European Space Agency, 1-2, 3-18, 3-25, 3-34, 4-12, 7-6, 7-13, 7-28, 10-18 extended empirical roadside shadowing, 1-2, 3-1, 3- 12, 3-33, 7-28, 11-10, 12-3 F fade <strong>and</strong> non-fade durations, 5-1, 5-3, 11-16 fade duration, 1-3, 1-4, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-5, 5-6, 5-7, 5- 8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-14, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15, 9-16, 9-17, 9- 19, 9-20, 9-24, 9-25, 11-16, 11-23, 11-31, 12-6 fade duration model, 1-4, 5-3, 12-6 fade reduction, 1-3, 6-4, 6-5, 6-6, 6-7, 6-10, 12-8, 12-9 fade state transitions, 1-5, 11-22 fade threshold, 5-5, 5-7, 5-9, 5-10, 5-12, 5-13, 12-7, 12-8 fading depth, 1-4, 9-3, 9-5, 9-6, 9-8, 9-9, 9-10, 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9-20, 9-21, 9-22, 9-23, 9-24, 12-15, 12- 17, 12-18 fading depth dependence on frequency <strong>and</strong> significant wave height, 9-24, 12-17 fading depth due to sea surface reflections, 9-23, 12- 15 fading depth durations, 9-24 fading effects due to antenna positioning, 12-14 Fang, D. J. et al., 9-1 Faraday rotation, 9-1, 11-3, 11-4 fisheye lens, 6-12, 10-2, 10-17 Flock, W. L., 11-3, 11-4, 11-32 foliage, none, 2-9, 2-10, 3-19, 3-22, 3-23 France, 3-34, 7-3, 7-6, 7-13, 7-28 frequency correlation, 8-33 frequency re-use, 6-2, 6-16, 8-16, 12-8 <strong>Propagation</strong> <strong>Effects</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Vehicular</strong> <strong>and</strong> Personal Mobile Satellite Systems frequency scaling, 1-2, 2-11, 2-12, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 3- 17, 3-24, 3-25, 3-26, 12-1 frequency variability, 8-1, 8-18, 8-19, 8-33 Fresnel zones, 2-1, 11-4 Fujimori, K. <strong>and</strong> H. Arai, 8-1 full blossom, 3-23 full foliage, 2-3, 2-6, 2-8, 2-9, 2-11, 2-12, 2-15, 3-16, 3-19, 3-20, 3-22, 7-24 G geometric analytic models, 1-5, 11-24 Germany, 3-18, 4-12, 4-13, 7-3, 7-6, 7-13, 7-14 Gilbert-Elliot model, 11-22 Globalstar constellation, 6-13, 6-14, 10-9, 10-10, 10- 12, 10-13, 10-14, 10-15, 10-16, 10-17, 10-18, 12- 10, 12-11 Globalstar system, 10-11 Goldhirsh, J. <strong>and</strong> W. J. Vogel, 1-1, 2-2, 2-8, 3-1, 3-4, 3-5, 3-12, 3-17, 3-23, 3-32, 4-1, 4-6, 5-1, 5-6, 5-7, 5-11, 6-1, 6-4, 7-3, 7-4, 7-16, 7-17, 7-18, 7-19, 7- 20, 7-24, 7-25 Goldhirsh, J. et al., 4-8, 4-10 ground multipath, 3-7, 6-3, 6-16, 12-8 ground specular reflection, 6-15, 11-4, 11-9 grove <strong>of</strong> trees, 2-1, 2-2 Guissard, A. <strong>and</strong> P. Sobieski, 9-23 H h<strong>and</strong>book on the web, 1-5 Hase, Y. et al., 5-1, 5-3, 5-11 Hess, G. C., 7-16, 7-28, 11-5, 11-6, 11-7, 11-9, 11-32 hilly terrain, 4-5, 7-7 Hodge, D. B., 6-10, 6-16 H<strong>of</strong>fman, H. H., <strong>and</strong> D. C. Cox, 8-1, 8-31 home page, 1-6, 1-7 Huck, R. W. et al., 7-6 human body, 8-34, 12-14 I incoherent multipath, 9-21, 9-22, 12-18 INMARSAT-Pacific, 7-2 ionosphere, 9-2, 11-3 ITU-R, 1-2, 1-3, 2-5, 2-6, 2-16, 3-1, 3-4, 3-5, 3-30, 3- 31, 3-32, 3-34, 4-4, 4-7, 4-15, 4-16, 5-3, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 5-14, 8-34, 8-35, 9-2, 9-6, 9-13, 9-25, 11-3, 11-4, 11-11, 11-32, 12-3, 12-6, 12-15 ITU-R Fade Model, 1-2, 3-30 J Jakes, W. C., 11-1, 11-16, 11-32 Japan, 1-3, 1-5, 6-11, 6-12, 6-13, 6-14, 6-16, 7-3, 7- 14, 7-15, 7-16, 7-29, 9-22, 9-25, 10-5, 10-7, 10-8, 10-9, 10-14, 10-16, 12-10, 12-11, 12-19, 12-20 Jenkins, J. D. et al., 7-4, 7-22, 7-23 Joanneum Research, 3-18, 3-34, 4-12, 4-16, 7-13, 7- 28, 7-29 joint probabilities, 6-8, 6-15, 10-12
Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-25, 7-2, 7-6 JPL, 1-6, 2-16, 3-33, 3-34, 3-35, 4-15, 5-14, 7-28, 7- 29, 8-35, 10-18, 11-33 K K factor, 11-12 Karasawa, Y. <strong>and</strong> T. Shiokawa, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15 Karasawa, Y. et al., 9-20, 9-21, 10-1, 10-5, 10-6 Kirchh<strong>of</strong>f classical model, 9-23 L LaGrone, A. H. <strong>and</strong> C. W. Chapman, 11-27 lane diversity, 6-4 Lee, W. C. Y., 11-1, 11-33 level crossing rate, 11-16 lognormal density function, 1-5, 11-13 lognormal shadowing model, 11-19 London, 1-5, 2-16, 3-33, 3-34, 7-28, 10-10, 10-11, 10- 12, 10-13, 10-15, 10-16, 10-18, 11-32, 11-33 Loo, C., 1-5, 10-1, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7, 10-19, 11-14, 11- 15, 11-16, 11-17, 11-19, 11-31, 11-33, 12-19, 12- 21 low- <strong>and</strong> high-gain receiving antennas, 6-2 low angle measurements, 3-15 low elevation angle, 3-15, 3-35, 4-5, 4-8, 4-16, 6-3, 6- 16, 6-17, 9-1, 9-24, 12-15 LS-SS, 11-5, 11-7, 11-9, 11-10 Lutz, E., 1-5, 11-17, 11-18, 11-33, 12-21 M MARECS-B2, 3-2, 3-3, 3-5, 3-35, 7-29 maritime experiments, 9-23 maritime-mobile, 1-4, 9-1, 12-15 maritime-mobile satellite propagation effects, 1-4, 9-1, 12-15 Matsudo, T. et al., 9-20 Mayer, C. E., 6-3, 6-17 mean excess loss, 2-12 Merged Empirical Roadside Shadowing Model, 3-1 MERS, 1-2, 3-1, 3-25, 3-26, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-32 metal building, 8-31, 8-35 Miller, A. R. et al., 9-4 mobile case, 1-2, 2-10, 2-14, 3-1, 12-2 modified empirical roadside shadowing, 1-2, 3-25 mountain, 4-1, 4-2, 9-22, 10-1 multipath effects <strong>for</strong> variable antenna gains, 12-8 multipath fading due to sea surface reflection, 1-4, 9- 2, 9-13, 9-15, 9-25 multipath interference, 8-3 multiple object scattering models, 11-28 multiple scatterers, 11-2, 11-3 Murr, F. et al., 3-18, 4-13, 7-3, 7-13, 7-14 N Nakagami-Rice, 1-5, 9-3, 9-5, 9-9, 11-11, 12-17 NASA, 1-1, 1-3, 1-5, 1-6, 3-33, 3-35, 4-15, 5-14, 6-14, 7-28, 7-29, 8-35, 10-18, 11-5, 11-32 NASA Reference Publication 1274, 1-1, 1-5, 1-6, 3-33 near-water multipath distributions, 4-10 non-fade duration, 1-3, 5-1, 5-2, 5-10, 5-11, 5-14, 11- 24, 12-6, 12-7 O Obara, N. et al., 7-3, 7-14, 7-15 Ohmori, S. et al., 9-20, 9-22 open field, 4-5, 4-13, 6-14, 7-7, 12-5 optical methods, 1-4, 1-6, 10-1, 10-3, 12-18 optical methods <strong>for</strong> assessing fade margins, 1-4, 1-6, 10-1, 12-18 orientation, 3-5, 4-2, 4-9, 4-12, 4-13, 7-13 P Papoulis, A., 11-11, 11-13, 11-33 Paraboni, A. <strong>and</strong> B. Giannone, 3-18, 4-12, 7-13 Parks, M. A. N. et al., 3-1, 3-28, 3-32 path length, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-6, 2-8, 2-10, 2-11, 6-4, 6- 5, 6-16, 11-3, 11-25, 11-26, 12-1 PDF, 1-6, 10-5, 10-6, 12-19 Perrins, E., <strong>and</strong> M. Rice, 9-23 phase fluctuations, 5-1, 5-11, 5-13, 5-14, 11-26, 11-27, 12-7 phase spreads, 1-3, 5-1, 12-6 photogrammetric image, 10-9 polarization, 1-3, 4-3, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 8-2, 8-22, 8-30, 8- 35, 9-3, 9-4, 9-6, 9-7, 9-8, 9-9, 9-10, 9-11, 9-12, 9- 13, 9-21, 9-22, 9-23, 9-24, 9-25, 11-3, 11-4, 12-8, 12-15, 12-16, 12-17, 12-18 Polydorou, A. et al., 8-1 potentially visible satellites, 1-5, 10-11, 10-12, 10-13, 10-14, 10-17 probability distribution models, 11-2, 11-10, 12-20 propagation effects inside buildings, 1-4, 8-1, 12-13 PROSAT experiment, 7-6 R Rappaport, T. S., 8-1, 8-35 Rayleigh, 1-5, 4-5, 8-7, 8-31, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7, 11-2, 11-10, 11-12, 11-13, 11-14, 11-15, 11-17, 11-19, 12-21 Rayleigh density function, 10-5, 11-12 Reed, H. R., <strong>and</strong> C. M. Russel, 11-4, 11-33 Rice, M. et al., 7-4, 7-23, 7-24 roadside trees, 1-2, 2-1, 3-1, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, 3-33, 4-1, 4-6, 4-7, 4-10, 4-15, 5-1, 5-2, 5-14, 6-16, 7-28, 11-2, 11-10, 11-13, 11-17, 11-31, 12-2, 12-3, 12-5, 12-21 ro<strong>of</strong> shielding, 4-10 rough sea model, 9-20 rural/farml<strong>and</strong>, 7-2, 7-7 rural/<strong>for</strong>ested, 7-2, 7-7 Ryuko, H., 6-1, 6-11, 6-17, 7-3, 7-15, 7-16, 7-29 Ryuko, H. <strong>and</strong> T. Saruwatari, 6-1, 6-11, 7-3, 7-15, 7- 16
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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1-4 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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1-6 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-6 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-30 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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3-34 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-6 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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4-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-10 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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7-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-12 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-16 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-20 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-22 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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7-26 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-28 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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9-4 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-16 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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9-26 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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