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9-24 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems Vertical polarization may be employed at elevation angles above 8°. At lower angles, errors due to Brewster angle effects may arise. 9.7.2 Fading Depth Durations and Occurrence Intervals The procedures outlined by (9-28) through (9-32) may be employed to establish the bounds of the mean fading occurrence interval and the mean fading depth for circular polarization at L-Band. Figure 9-12 through Figure 9-14 depict the bounds for the mean fading occurrence interval as a function of elevation angle at fade exceedance percentages of 99%, 95%, and 90%, respectively. Figure 9-15 through Figure 9-17 give the bounds for the mean fade duration intervals as a function of elevation angle at the same percentages. 9.7.3 Fading Depth Dependence on Frequency and Significant Wave Height Figure 9-18 and Figure 9-19 describe the dependence of fading at different frequencies as a function of significant wave height. Figure 9-18 shows contours of fading depth isopleths at frequencies ranging from 1 to 10 GHz and significant wave heights up to 3 m. Figure 9-19 gives the fading depths versus significant wave height at 3 GHz, 5 GHz, and 10 GHz derived from Figure 9-18. 9.8 References Abbe, B., M. Agan, and T. Jedrey [1996], “ACTS mobile terminals,” International Journal of Satellite Communications, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 175-190, January. Beard, C. I. [1961], “Coherent and Incoherent Scattering of Microwaves from the Ocean,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-9, Sept. Beckmann, P. and A. Spizzichino [1963], “The Scattering of Electromagnetic Waves from Rough Surfaces,” Elmsford, NY: Pergamon. Brown, G. S. [1980], “Backscattering from a Gaussian-distributed perfectly conducting rough surface,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-26, pp. 472-482, May (see correction in ibidem, Vol. AP-28, pp. 943-946, Nov. 1980). CCIR [1990], “Propagation Data for Maritime Mobile-Satellite Systems for Frequencies Above 100 MHz,” Reports of the CCIR, Annex to Volume V, Propagation in Non- Ionized Media, Report 884-2, pp. 515-535. (International Radio Consultative Committee, XVIIth Plenary Assembly, Dusseldorf, 1990; International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, 1990). Fang, D. J., F. T. Tseng and T. O. Calvit [1982a], “A Low Elevation Angle Propagation Measurement of 1.5 GHz Satellite Signals in the Gulf of Mexico,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-30, No. 1, Jan., pp. 10-15. Fang, D. J., F. T. Tseng, and T. O. Calvit [1982b], “A Measurement of the Marisat L- Band Signals at Low Elevation Angles Onboard Mobil Aero,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-30, No. 2, Feb., pp. 359-365.
Maritime-Mobile Satellite Propagation Effects 9-25 Guissard, A. and P. Sobieski [1987], “An approximate model for the microwave brightness temperature of the sea,” Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 8, No. 11, pp. 1607- 1627, Nov. ITU-R [1994], “Propagation Data Required for the Design of Earth-Space Maritime Mobile Telecommunication Systems,” Recommendation 680-1, International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R Recommendations, 1994 PN Series Volume, Propagation in Non-Ionized Media. Karasawa, Y. and T. Shiokawa [1984a] “Characteristics of L-Band Multipath Fading Due to Sea Surface Reflection,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-32, No.6, June, pp. 618-623. Karasawa, Y and T. Shiokawa [1984b], “Spectrum of L-band Multipath Fading Due to Sea Surface Reflection,” Trans. IECE Japan, Vol. J67-B, No. 2 pp. 171-178. Karasawa, Y., M. Yasunaga, S. Nomoto, and T. Shiokawa [1986], “On-board experiments on L-band multipath fading and its reduction by use of the polarization shaping method,” Trans. IECE Japan, Vol. E69, No. 2, pp. 124-131. Karasawa, Y., and T. Shiokawa [1987] “Fade Duration Statistics at L-Band Multipath Fading Due to Sea Surface Reflection,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-35, No.8, August, pp. 956-961. Karasawa, Y. and T. Shiokawa [1988], “A Simple Prediction Method for L-Band Multipath Fading in Rough Sea Conditions,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 36, No. 10, October, pp. 1098-1104. Karasawa, Y., T. Matsudo, and T. Shiokawa, and T. Shiokawa [1990], “Wave Height and Frequency Dependence of Multipath Fading Due to Sea Reflection in Maritime Satellite Communications,” Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 1, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 95-106. Matsudo, M., Y. Karasawa, M. Yasunaga, and T. Shiokawa [1987], “Results of on-board experiment for reduction technique of multipath fading due to sea surface reflection (IV),” Paper of Tech. Group on Antennas and Propagation, IEICE Japan, Vol. AP87-23. Miller, A. R., R.M. Brown, and E. Vegh [1984], “New Derivation for the Rough Surface Reflection Coefficient and for the Distribution of Sea-Wave Elevations,” IEE Proc., Vol. 131, Pt. H, pp. 114-115, April. Ohmori, S., A. Irimata, H. Morikawa, K. Kondo, Y. Hase and S. Miura [1985], “Characteristics of Sea Refection Fading in Maritime Satellite Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-33, No. 8, August, pp.838-845. Pierson, W. J. and L. Moskowitz [1964], “A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S. A. Kitaigorodskii,” Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 69, No. 24, pp. 5181-5190. Perrins, E., and M. Rice [1997], “Propagation Analysis of the ACTS Maritime Satellite Channel,” Proceedings of the Fifth International Mobile Satellite Conference, Pasadena, California, June 16-18, pp. 201-205.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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