Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

More documents

Recommendations

Info

3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of Model Limits Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems In Table 3-3 is given a comparative summary of the above competing models and their domains of validity. The EERS model covers a wider range of percentages than the other models (1% to 80%) and includes angles as low as 7°. The other models are limited to 20° elevation. It also covers the greatest range of frequencies (e.g., 0.87 to 20 GHz). The EERS model limitation vis-à-vis the other models is that it does not include elevation angles greater than 60°. The ITU-R model extends the EERS model from 60° to 90° at 1.6 GHz and 2.6 GHz. The EFM, CEFM, and MERS models include elevation angles up to 80°. Table 3-3: Summary of empirical models and their domains of validity. Model Name Percentage Range (%) Elevation Angle Range (deg) Frequency Range (GHz) EERS 1-80 7-60 0.87-20 ERS 1-20 20-60 0.87-3 Reference Goldhirsh and Vogel [1995a], ITU-R [1997] Goldhirsh and Vogel [1992], ITU-R [1994] ITU-R 1-30 60-90 1.6-2.6 ITU-R [1997] EFM 1-20 60-80 1.3-10.4 Parks et al. [1993a] MERS 1-30 20-80 1.5-2.6 Sforza et al. [1993a] CEFM 1-20 20-80 1.5-2.6 Butt et al. [1995] 3.8 Conclusions and Model Recommendations The following is recommended: 1. In the elevation angle interval between 20° to 60°, the EERS model should be executed as outlined in Section 3.3.2 using the step by step approach in Section 3.3.3. The ITU-R angle extension procedure from 60° to 90° may be used at 1.6 GHz and 2.6 GHz as outlined in Section 3.7.4. The MERS model (Equation (3-21) and Figure 3-24) and the CEFM model (Equation (3-26) and Figure 3-26) show relatively small differences with the EERS model in the angular range 20° to 60°. 2. For elevation angles between 7° and 20° the EERS model should continue to be employed in the absence of any direct measurements. The model provides a median of measured distributions at the smaller angles, but the deviation from the measured levels may be significantly larger than 5 dB at equal probability levels because of terrain blockage and multiple canopy tree-shadowing. Where direct measurements exist, these should be substituted for the model.
Attenuation Due to Roadside Trees: Mobile Case 3-33 3.9 References Bundrock, A. and Harvey, R. [1988], “Propagation Measurements for an Australian Land Mobile Satellite System,” Proceedings of International Mobile Satellite Conference, Pasadena, CA, pp. 119-124. Butt, G., B. G. Evans, M. Parks [1995], “Modeling the Mobile Satellite Channel for Communication System Design,” Ninth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation,” 4-7 April, 1995, pp. 387-393. Butt, G., B. G. Evans, M. Richharia [1993], “Results of Multiband (L, S, Ku Band Propagation Measurements for High Elevation Angle Land Mobile Satellite Channel,” Eighth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, 30 March-2 April, 1993, Herriot-Watt University, U.K., pp. 796-799 (Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, Conference Publication 370.) Goldhirsh, J. and W. J. Vogel [1995a], “An Extended Empirical Roadside Shadowing Model for Estimating Fade Distributions from UHF to K Band for Mobile Satellite Communications,” Space Communications (Special Issue on Satellite Mobile and Personal Communications), Vol. 13, No. 3 (IOS Press). Goldhirsh, J. and W. J. Vogel [1995b], “Extended Empirical Roadside Shadowing Model from ACTS Mobile Measurements,” Proceedings of the Nineteenth NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX XIX) and the Seventh Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Workshop (APSW VII), Fort Collins, Colorado, June 14-16, pp. 91-101. (JPL Publication 95- 15, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.) Goldhirsh, J., W. J. Vogel, and G. W. Torrence [1995], “Mobile Propagation Measurements in the U.S. at 20 GHz Using ACTS,” International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP ‘95), Vol. 2, Conference Publication No. 407, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, pp. 381-386. Goldhirsh, J., W. J. Vogel, and G. W. Torrence [1994], “ACTS Mobile Propagation Campaign,” Proceedings of the Eighteenth NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX XVIII) and the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Miniworkshop, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 16- 17, 1994, pp. 135-150. (JPL Publication 94-19, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.) Goldhirsh, J. and W. J. Vogel [1992], “Propagation Effects for Land Mobile Satellite Systems: Overview of Experimental and Modeling Results,” NASA Reference Publication 1274, (Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program), February. Goldhirsh, J. and W. J. Vogel [1989], “Mobile Satellite System Fade Statistics for Shadowing and Multipath from Roadside Trees at UHF and L Band,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-37, No. 4, April, pp. 489-498. Goldhirsh, J. and W. J. Vogel [1987], “Roadside Tree Attenuation Measurements at UHF for Land-Mobile Satellite Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-35, pp. 589-596, May.
Page 1:
A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
Page 7:
10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
Page 11:
Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
Page 14 and 15:
1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 21 and 22:
Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
Page 23 and 24:
Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
Page 25 and 26:
Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
Page 27 and 28: Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
Page 39: Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
Page 43 and 44: Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
Page 45: Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
Page 48 and 49: 3-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
Page 50 and 51: 3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
Page 56 and 57: 3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
Page 58 and 59: 3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
Page 60 and 61: 3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
Page 66 and 67: 3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
Page 70 and 71: 3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
Page 72 and 73: 3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
Page 74 and 75: 3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
Page 83: Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
Page 86 and 87: Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
Page 90 and 91: 4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 94 and 95: 4-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 100 and 101: 4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
Page 105 and 106: Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
Page 107 and 108: Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
Page 109 and 110: Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
Page 121: Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
Page 125 and 126: Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
Page 127 and 128: Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
Page 129 and 130:
Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143:
Page 147 and 148:
Table of Contents 7 Investigations
Page 149:
was derived from measurements over
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
7-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 156 and 157:
7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
Page 158 and 159:
7-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 160 and 161:
7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
Page 162 and 163:
7-12 Percentage of Distance Fade >
Page 164 and 165:
7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
7-28 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
Page 181:
Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
Page 184 and 185:
Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
Page 187 and 188:
Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
Page 189 and 190:
Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223:
Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
Page 228 and 229:
Page 230 and 231:
Page 232 and 233:
9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
Page 234 and 235:
9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
Page 236 and 237:
9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 238 and 239:
9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
Page 246 and 247:
9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
Page 248 and 249:
9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
Page 250 and 251:
Page 252 and 253:
Page 255 and 256:
Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
Page 257 and 258:
Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
Page 259 and 260:
Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275:
Page 279 and 280:
Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
Page 281 and 282:
Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
Page 283 and 284:
Theoretical Modeling Considerations
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313:
Page 317 and 318:
Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
Page 319:
Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
Page 332 and 333:
12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
Page 334 and 335:
12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 345 and 346:
Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
Page 347 and 348:
Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
show all

Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?