Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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4-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 870 MHz Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems 1.5 GHz 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 4-4: Best fit exponential cumulative fade distributions of the formulation (4-2) for line-of-sight propagation in which multipath fading dominates for tree-lined roads. 4.4 Multipath at 20 GHz Near Body of Water - Low Elevation Angle Effects As mention in Section 4-3, it is expected that the multi-path fading effects should be more pronounced at lower elevation angles where forward scattering from the ground is more likely. Low elevation angle (e.g., 8°) mobile satellite measurements were executed by the authors at 20 GHz in Alaska employing transmissions from the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) [Goldhirsh et al., 1994]. The extent to which ground reflections are important at low elevation angles depends on the location of the antenna on the vehicle’s roof relative to the satellite azimuth location, as well as the type of ground (e.g., dry versus wet ground). Cumulative fade distributions corresponding to various multipath (not shadowed) line-of-sight scenarios are given in Figure 4-5. These distributions were derived from measurements employing a tracking antenna located on the rear of the roof of a van, where the antenna beamwidth was 27°.
Signal Degradation for Line-of-Sight Communications 4-9 Percentage of Time Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 [1] Open Field [2] Parallel A [3] Perpendic. A [4] Parallel B [5] Perpendic. B 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Fade (dB) Figure 4-5: Multipath distributions for over-water and dry land scenarios at 20 GHz in vicinity of Fairbanks, Alaska. Elevation angle to satellite was 8°. Curve 1 was obtained from measurements obtained in an open dry field in Fairbanks, Alaska where the vehicle was moving slowly. This distribution shows a maximum fade level due to multipath of approximately 3 dB at 1% probability. For this situation, the small contribution due to multipath is from diffuse scattering from a ground having a low reflection coefficient. On the other hand, the other four curves were obtained when the vehicle was parked near a body of water (Tanana River), and the earth-satellite path was directed over the water in front of the vehicle. Each curve corresponds to a different vehicle orientation vis-à-vis the earth satellite path. Curve 2 labeled as “Parallel A” represents the scenario in which the front of the vehicle was facing the satellite. On other hand, Curve 4 labeled as “Parallel B” corresponds to the configuration in which the rear of the vehicle was facing the satellite. Curve 3 labeled as “Perpendicular A” represents the case in which one side of the vehicle was facing the satellite, and Curve 5 denoted as “Perpendicular B” corresponds to the scenario in which the other side of the vehicle was facing the satellite. Although the vehicle was stationary for each orientation, the tracking antenna was in slight motion as it was continuously tracking the satellite position. Hence, the multipath scene was in a constant state of change simulating vehicle motion. These measurement runs individually ranged from 2 to 5 minutes, and the antenna pointing varied within ± 5° of true line of sight (well within the antenna beamwidth of ± 13.5°)
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-12 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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7-28 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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