Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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8-30 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems (Duluth, MN), 42.3° (Boulder, CO), 44.7° (Kansas City, MO), 49.6° (Little Rock, AK), and 55.4° (Houston, TX). A series of measurements were made at different locations within each house (e.g., 16) and related to measurements made outside the house to obtain the relative attenuation. The average attenuation and standard deviation for each house were subsequently determined. 8.5.1 Experimental Results Wells emphasizes in his results: (1) two building types; wood siding and brick veneer, (2) two insulation types; ceiling, and ceiling and walls, and (3) two room exposure types; one or more exposed walls and no exposed walls. An exposed wall implied that the lineof-sight path passed through a single wall, whereas an unexposed wall scenario implied that another room or another wall sheltered the wall. A four factor model including frequency (4 levels), construction type (2 levels), insulation type (2 levels), and room position (2 levels) was developed and summarized by the listing in Table 8-17. To obtain the overall attenuation for a particular structure from Table 8-17, we execute the following example steps: (1) The “Average Value” of 6.3 dB is added to values described in subsequent steps. (2) For a frequency of 2.569 GHz, we add +1.16 dB to the average value. (3) For a brick veneer construction, we add +0.58 dB. (4) For a structure with insulation in both ceiling and walls, add +0.8 dB. (5) For a room with unexposed walls, add +0.30 dB. The overall attenuation is 9.14 dB for the above combination of effects. Wells culls out several “high attenuation” structures. These are two mobile homes (average attenuation of 23.6 dB) and two wood frame houses with interior walls and ceiling comprised of plasterboard backed with aluminum foil (average attenuation of 17.1 dB). Wells also shows that no significant attenuation occurs as a function of elevation angle. Wells summarized the above results as follows: (1) On average, the signal level varied by 0.6 dB as a function of position of a room within each house. (2) Houses having brick veneer gave rise to a 1.2 dB higher attenuation than houses with wood siding. (3) Insulation in ceiling and walls caused about 1.6 dB higher attenuation than insulation in ceiling only. (4) Insulation and plasterboard with aluminum backing caused attenuations between 14.6 to 22 dB. (5) The attenuation at 2.569 GHz was approximately 2.9 dB larger than at 860 MHz. (6) Horizontal polarization at 860 MHz gave approximately 1.8 dB higher attenuation than vertical polarization.
Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects Inside Buildings 8-31 Table 8-17: Average attenuation contributions at UHF, L, and S-Band [Wells, 1977]. Parameter Characteristic Attenuation Contribution (dB) Frequency Construction Insulation Room Position Overall Average 6.3 dB 2.569 GHz 1.16 1.550 GHz 0.39 0.860 GHz (V) -1.69 0.860 GHz (H) 0.14 Wood Siding -0.58 Brick Veneer 0.58 Blown-In Ceiling -0.80 Ceiling and Walls 0.80 Exposed Walls -0.30 No Exposed Walls 0.30 8.6 Attenuation of 900 MHz Radio Waves by Metal Building Hoffman and Cox [1982] describe attenuation measurements within a highly attenuating building in which the walls and roof were covered with corrugated overlapped steel sheets. The building contained a double door with windows covered with a 2.5 cm wire mesh. Secondary metal window screens (two in front) and metal screen doors also existed. Four-1.2 m cube volumes were sampled within the building. Signals emanated at 900 MHz from a vertically polarized corner reflector antenna. The antenna was located on a line perpendicular to the front of the building and was at a height of 3 m above the ground. The receiver antenna was a half-wavelength skirted coaxial antenna mound vertically on a wooden scanning mechanism. Linear 1.2 m long scans were made parallel to the front wall of the building at 0.9, 1.5, and 2.1 m heights. Attenuation distributions were found to be approximately Rayleigh distributed with medians ranging from 26 dB to 32 dB within small areas. The overall median attenuation for the entire building was 29 dB. 8.7 Summary and Concluding Remarks 8.7.1 Required Fade Margins Table 8-18 summarizes the levels of the relative power losses in terms of the overall averages of the means, standard deviations and the medians for all sites investigated with the exception that the results of Site 6 in the first row has not been included. (Note that the references by Vogel and Torrence are denoted as V&T). This site (characterized in Table 8-2 was considered an extreme attenuating environment and therefore is not considered. The results in each row of Table 8-18 were culled from the listed tables
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-12 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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