Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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8-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems 8.2 Satellite Radio Reception Inside Buildings from 700 MHz to 1800 MHz This section deals with the results of Vogel and Torrence [1993] who arrived at propagation results for measurements inside six buildings comprised of brick, corrugated sheet-metal, wood frame, mobile-home, and reinforced concrete-wall constructions. Their investigation emphasized geostationary satellite transmissions associated with direct broadcasting systems since their receiving antenna had a relatively narrow beamwidth (90°) and was pointed along the line-of-sight to the transmitter. Such an antenna experiences less multipath fading than one that has an azimuthally omnidirectional gain characteristic. 8.2.1 Experimental Features Swept CW signals from 700 MHz to 1800 MHz were radiated from an antenna located on an 18 m tower attached to a van outside these buildings. The part of the receiver system inside the buildings was comprised of the above described antenna on a linear positioner located approximately 1.5 m above the ground and pointed towards the transmitting antenna. Measurements were made for the case in which the receiver antenna was sequentially moved in 5 cm steps (for a total of 80 cm) along any of the three orthogonal directions. The receiver had a resolution bandwidth between 10 KHz and 1 MHz, a carrier to noise ratio of 45 dB, and an overall measurement accuracy of better than 0.5 dB. A summary of the experimental parameters is given in Table 8-1, and a succinct description of each of the site locations (labeled Site 1 through Site 6) is given in Table 8-2. Table 8-1: Pertinent measurement system parameters of Vogel and Torrence [1993]. Characteristics Value Frequency Coverage, Δf 700 MHz to 1800 MHz in 1 s Span 0 Hz to 1100 MHz Resolution 10 KHz to 1 MHz Amplitude Transmitted Power 10 mw Range 45 dB Resolution 0.2 dB C/N Ratio 64 to 45 dB over Δf Error < 0.5 dB Transmitter and Receiver Antennas Type Cavity Backed Spiral Polarization Right-hand Circular Beamwidth 90° (3 dB) Gain -2.5 to 4.5 dB over Δf Elevation Angle (Receiving) 12° to 48°
Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects Inside Buildings 8-3 Table 8-2: Site descriptions of indoor propagation measurements of Vogel and Torrence [1993]. Site # Description 1 2 3 4 5 6 A corner office (6 X 7 m) with two large windows in a single-story building. Walls are of concrete-block masonry with the interior covered with plasterboard. The ceiling is comprised of acoustic tiles suspended at a height of 3 m from metal hangers. A double-glazed optically reflective window is located in the wall toward the transmitter. Roof is flat and consists of concrete panels supported by steel beams. Room is furnished with wooden office furniture. Also referred to as the EERL Building A small room in another building (3 X 4 m) with two windows and construction similar to Site 1. Room furnished with metal filing cabinets. A 5 X 5 m corner foyer in another building where a large reflective glass door encompasses half of one outside wall. The external walls are of concrete wall construction, and internal walls have metal frames covered with plasterboard. Also referred to as the Commons. A 3 X 6 m shack with corrugated sheet-metal walls and roof on the outside and plywood on the inside. It has one window on each of the two narrow sides and a metal-covered door centered between two windows on one of the wide sides. An 1870 vintage restored and furnished two-story house with wood siding. The walls are filled with rock wool and covered with plasterboard on the interior and wood siding on the exterior. The gabled roof is covered with wood shingles. Measurements were made in two rooms on the ground floor and one room on the second level. Also referred to as the Farmhouse. A 12 X 2.4 m empty mobile trailer home with sheet-metal exterior and aluminum frame windows with metal screens. 8.2.2 Multipath Interference During Frequency and Position Sweep Elevation Angle 27.5° An example of maximum and minimum multipath interference (of relative signal level) experienced inside Site 2 is given in Figure 8-1 for a composite frequency sweep and vertical position scan near a window. The set of curves labeled maximum and minimum were derived by executing a frequency sweep between 700 MHz to 1800 MHz for each antenna position and culling out the maximum and minimum signal levels (upper and lower traces) at each frequency. The center thick curve is an example of the signal variability when the antenna position was fixed at an arbitrary position over the frequency interval. The large variability of the signal due to receiver antenna position and frequency changes demonstrates that multipath effects may be significant over the indicated position and frequency intervals. For example, the minimum trace shows signal levels which vary between -5 dB to smaller than -30 dB, the maximum trace shows signal levels which vary between +2 dB and -9 dB, and the fixed antenna position trace shows a variability between 0 to -30 dB. 18° 16° 25° 25° 45°
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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