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7-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems of the road corresponding to tree densities of 35% and 85%. Systematic measurements were made at varying elevation angles at simultaneous frequencies of 897 MHz, 1550 MHz, and 2660 MHz employing a helicopter as the transmitter platform and a receiver system in a mobile van. Figure 7-1 represents a set of cumulative fade distributions for the 85% tree density case at a frequency of 1550 MHz for elevation angles of 30°, 45°, and 60°. Figure 7-2 shows the distributions for the 85% tree density case at the three frequencies considered for the 45° elevation. Vogel et al. [1992] also measured cumulative fade distributions in Australia employing the ETS-V and INMARSAT-Pacific geostationary satellites as transmitter platforms, where the nominal elevation angles were 51° and 40°, respectively (Figure 7- 3). The road types examined were tree-lined with tree populations exceeding 55%. Table 7-1: Listing of measurement campaigns from different countries. Country f (GHz) Australia 1.55 Australia Fade (dB) El (°) P = 1% P = 10% 30 17.5 11.5 45 14 9.5 60 12 7.5 0.893 11 7.5 1.55 45 14 9.5 2.66 Australia 1.55 17.5 11.5 40 15 6 51 12 3 Fig. Environment Reference 7-1 7-2 7-3 Belgium 1.5 26 20 7.5 7-4 Canada 0.87 Canada 1.5 19 England 1.6 England 1.6 England 2.6 5 > 30 21.5 15 18 7.5 20 13 5.5 7-5 Tree-lined road. (Tree Density = 85%) Tree-lined road. (Tree Density = 85%) Tree-lined road. (Tree Density >55%) Tree-lined road (bare trees) Woodlands, (Tree Density = 35%) 21 10.5 Suburban 20 8 7-6 Rural/Forested 11 3.5 40 9 5.5 60 7 4 40 13 7 60 9 4 80 6 2 40 14 5.5 60 12 5 80 10.5 4.5 Rural/Farmland 7-7 Tree-lined road Bundrock, 1989 Bundrock, 1989 Vogel et al., 1992 Jongejans et al., 1986 Butterworth, 1984b Butterworth, 1984a Renduchintala et al. 1990, Smith et al., 1990 7-8 Tree-lined roads Smith et al., 1993 7-9 Tree-lined roads Smith et al., 1993
Investigations from Different Countries 7-3 Country England England England England f (GHz) Fade (dB) El (°) P = 1% P = 10% 1.3 18.5 7.5 2.5 60 22.5 9.0 10.4 28 18.5 1.3 8 3 80 10.4 24 10.5 1.3 16.5 5 2.5 60 18.5 6 10.4 27.5 13 1.3 12 2.5 2.5 80 16 6 10.4 France 18.7 Germany 18.7 Japan 1.5 30- 35 30- 35 40- 50 26 13 28 17 7-14 >35 28.5- 33 Fig. Environment Reference 7-10 Wooded Butt et al., 1992 7-11 Wooded Butt et al., 1992 7-12 Suburban Butt et al., 1992 7-13 Suburban Butt et al., 1992 7-15 26-32 1.5-20 7-16 Tree-lined (45° and 90° azimuth orientations) Tree-lined (45° and 90° azimuth orientations) Expressway driving (mixed environment) Japan 1.5 46 2.5-7 1-2 7-17 Expressway driving United States United States United States United States United States United States 0.87 30 0.87 45 0.87 60 1.5 21 1.5 30 1.5 45 14-20 6-10 15 7.5 7-15 2-5 10 4 3-12 2-5 5.5 2 >16 12 to >16 25.5 15 18-25 8-13 21.5 11 10-20 3-10 15 6 7-18 7-19 7-20 7-21 7-22 7-23 Tree-lined roads (tree density > 55%) EERS Model Tree-lined roads (tree density > 55%) EERS Model Tree-lined roads (tree density > 55%) EERS Model Tree-lined roads (tree density > 55%) EERS Model Tree-lined road (tree density >55%) EERS Model Tree-lined roads (tree density > 55%) EERS Model Murr et al., 1995 Murr et al, 1995 Obara et al., 1993 Ryuko and Saruwatari, 1991 Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1989 Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1989 Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1989 Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1995 Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1995 Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1995
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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