Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

12.10.2 Probability Distributions and Diversity Gains _____________________________ 12-20
12.10.3 Suggestions for Future Work __________________________________________ 12-20
12.11 Theoretical Modeling Considerations (Chapter 11) ____________________ 12-20
12.11.1 Choosing a Model___________________________________________________ 12-21
12.11.1.1 Empirical Regression Models _______________________________________ 12-21
12.11.1.2 Statistical Models_________________________________________________ 12-21
12.11.1.3 Analytical Models ________________________________________________ 12-21
12.11.2 Suggestions for Future Work_______________________________________ 12-21
Table of Figures
Figure 12-1: Family of cumulative fade distribution curves derived from application of the EERS
model at 1.5 GHz. ...................................................................................................................... 12-4
Figure 12-2: Diversity gain versus antenna separation distance at 1.6 GHz for a family of single
terminal fade margins for tree-lined road scenarios...................................................................... 12-9
Figure 12-3: Cumulative fade distributions at 1.6 GHz for the simulated Globalstar constellation of
satellites assuming combining diversity for urban Japan............................................................ 12-10
Figure 12-4: Diversity gains achieved through satellite pointing methods as a function of the fade
exceedance probability. These curves were derived by simulating the Globalstar constellation
of satellites for urban Japan at 1.6 GHz..................................................................................... 12-11
Figure 12-5: Median, 95%, and 5% fade levels of the relative power losses inside six buildings at Land
S-Bands. ............................................................................................................................ 12-13
Figure 12-6: Standard deviation of signal fading versus-Bandwidth for UHF to L-Band frequencies
for inside building measurements.............................................................................................. 12-14
Figure 12-7: Fading depth versus significant wave height at 3, 5, and 10 GHz in the region where
incoherent multipath dominates. ............................................................................................... 12-18
Table of Tables
Table 12-1: Non-fade duration regression values of β, γ satisfying the power expression (12-15) at
a 5 dB threshold for road types exhibiting “moderate” and “extreme” shadowing at a path
elevation angle of 51° (f = 1.5 GHz). .......................................................................................... 12-7
Table 12-2: Listing of polynomial coefficients characterizing phase fluctuation distributions of the
form (12-16) for road types exhibiting “moderate” and “extreme” shadowing and a 5 dB fade
threshold. ................................................................................................................................... 12-8
Table 12-3: Fade level ranges at the 1% and 10% probabilities derived from measured distributions
which were culled in terms of frequency and elevation angle..................................................... 12-12
Table 12-4: Fresnel reflection coefficient values of the sea at 1.5 GHz for various polarizations......... 12-16
Table 12-5: Parameters α, β at the given probabilities that fit (12-27) representing the Nakagami-
Ricean Distribution................................................................................................................... 12-17
Table 12-6: Fade parameters of the Urban Three-State Fade Model. .................................................. 12-19
12-ii