Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus path elevation angle at different exceedance probabilities assuming an antenna gain G0 = 18 dBi, 1.5 GHz, and circular polarization.................................................. 9-12 Figure 9-8: Fading depth versus path elevation angle at different exceedance probabilities assuming an antenna gain G0 = 20 dBi, 1.5 GHz, and circular polarization.................................................. 9-12 Figure 9-9: Fading depth versus path elevation angle at different exceedance probabilities assuming an antenna gain G0 = 25 dBi, 1.5 GHz, and circular polarization.................................................. 9-13 Figure 9-10: Definitions of “fade duration” TD and “fade occurrence interval” TI. These are defined at the signal level Rp that is exceeded P(%) of the time................................................................ 9-15 Figure 9-11: Spectral bandwidth f-10 of 1.5 GHz multipath fading due to sea surface reflection based on a theoretical model [Karasawa and Shiokawa; 1984b]. The upper bound f-10U corresponds to a significant wave height of 5 m, ship velocity of 20 knots, with a roll of 30°. The lower bound f-10L corresponds to a significant wave height of 1 m, ship velocity of 0 knots, with 0° roll. ............................................................................................................................................ 9-15 Figure 9-12: Bounds of mean fade occurrence interval TI (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 99% at L-Band. .................................................................................................. 9-17 Figure 9-13: Bounds of mean fade occurrence interval TI (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 95% at L-Band. .................................................................................................. 9-18 Figure 9-14: Bounds of mean fade occurrence interval TI (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 90% at L-Band. .................................................................................................. 9-18 Figure 9-15: Bounds of mean fade duration TD (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 99% at L-Band. .......................................................................................................................... 9-19 Figure 9-16: Bounds of mean fade duration TD (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 95% at L-Band. .......................................................................................................................... 9-19 Figure 9-17: Bounds of mean fade duration TD (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 90% at L-Band. .......................................................................................................................... 9-20 Figure 9-18: Calculation of contours of fading depth at the 99% probability exceedance level for variable frequencies and significant wave heights assuming an elevation angle of 5°, circular polarization, antenna gain of 15 dBi, and wind-wave sea conditions are assumed dominant. The region to the left of the dashed line corresponds to where the coherent and incoherent components of multipath reflections may contribute.................................................................... 9-21 Figure 9-19: Fading depth versus significant wave height at 3 GHz, 5 GHz, and 10 GHz extracted from Figure 9-18 in the region where incoherent multipath dominates......................................... 9-22 Table of Tables Table 9-1: Fresnel reflection coefficient values of the sea at 1.5 GHz for various polarizations............... 9-9 Table 9-2: Parameters α, β at the given probabilities that fit (9-25) derived from the Nakagami- Rice distribution........................................................................................................................... 9-9 Table 9-3: Values of parameters a, b, c for upper lower bounds of –10 dB spectral bandwidth (9-32)... 9-16 9-ii
Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite Propagation Effects 9.1 Introduction Problems that may affect maritime-mobile satellite communications are • blockage from ship-structures along the Earth-satellite path, • multipath from ship structures • multipath from the ocean at low grazing angles when low-gain antennas are used • fading due to ionospheric or tropospheric scintillations at low elevation angles • Faraday rotation effects • tropospheric refractive effects at low elevation angles such as ducting. This chapter deals primarily with multipath fading from the ocean when low gain antennas are employed at low elevation angles for ship-satellite scenarios. The other effects enumerated above are either beyond the scope of this text or are described elsewhere. 9.2 Early Multipath Experiments 9.2.1 Ship to Satellite Fading Measurements Early measurements of multipath effects at 1.5 GHz for ship to satellite communications scenarios were reported by Fang et al. [1982a, b]. The measurements were executed with a terminal on a ship transmitting to and receiving from the MARISAT F-1 satellite located at 15°-west longitude (over the Atlantic Ocean). The antenna diameter was 1.2 m (approximately 12° beamwidth) and the system G/T was –4 dB/K. Elevation angles
Page 1:
A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
Page 5 and 6:
Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
Page 7:
10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
Page 11:
Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
Page 14 and 15:
1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 21 and 22:
Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
Page 23 and 24:
Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
Page 25 and 26:
Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39:
Page 43 and 44:
Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
Page 45:
Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
Page 48 and 49:
Page 50 and 51:
3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
Page 52 and 53:
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
Page 58 and 59:
3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
Page 60 and 61:
3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
Page 72 and 73:
3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
Page 74 and 75:
3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
Page 80 and 81:
Page 83:
Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
Page 86 and 87:
Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Page 100 and 101:
4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
Page 102 and 103:
Page 105 and 106:
Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
Page 107 and 108:
Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
Page 109 and 110:
Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
Page 111 and 112:
Page 113 and 114:
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121:
Page 125 and 126:
Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
Page 127 and 128:
Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
Page 129 and 130:
Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143:
Page 147 and 148:
Table of Contents 7 Investigations
Page 149:
was derived from measurements over
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
Page 176 and 177: 7-26 Percentage of Distance Fade >
Page 178 and 179: 7-28 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
Page 181: Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
Page 184 and 185: Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
Page 187 and 188: Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
Page 189 and 190: Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
Page 223: Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
Page 228 and 229: 9-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
Page 230 and 231: 9-4 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
Page 232 and 233: 9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
Page 234 and 235: 9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
Page 236 and 237: 9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 238 and 239: 9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
Page 244 and 245: 9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
Page 246 and 247: 9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
Page 248 and 249: 9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
Page 255 and 256: Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
Page 257 and 258: Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
Page 259 and 260: Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
Page 275: Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
Page 279 and 280:
Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
Page 281 and 282:
Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
Page 283 and 284:
Theoretical Modeling Considerations
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313:
Page 317 and 318:
Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
Page 319:
Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
Page 332 and 333:
12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
Page 334 and 335:
12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 345 and 346:
Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
Page 347 and 348:
Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
show all

Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?