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8-34 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems 8.7.3.2 Signal Variability Due to Antenna Positioning Table 8-9 lists the standard deviations of the relative signal loss due to spatial variations of 80 cm at L- and S-Bands (1618 MHz and 2492 MHz). The standard deviations vary between 5.7 and 8.1 dB at L-Band with an overall average of 6.5 dB. At S-Band the standard deviations vary between 5.1 dB and 7.3 dB with an overall average of 6.5 dB. Figure 8-8 shows an example of the instantaneous spatial variability as a function of location within a specific site (Commons). It is noted that within a 1 m interval, fluctuations of the signal level of 20 dB are possible. 8.7.3.3 Spatial Decorrelation Distances Autocorrelation calculations by Vogel and Torrence [1995c] were carried out for lags between 0 to 3.2 m in the frequency interval between 0.5 to 3.0 GHz. The median decorrelation distance varied between 0.5 m to 1.1 m with an overall average of 0.71 m, (Table 8-15). 8.7.4 Effects Caused by the Human Body Vogel and Torrence [1993] found in the frequency interval of 700 MHz to 1800 MHz, that typically, people moving near the receiving antenna but outside the antenna Fresnel region, produced variations of less than 0.5 dB. On the other hand, a person blocking the transmission produced fades of 6 to 10 dB at an average location in the site rooms. The ITU-R [1995] reports that at 1.7 GHz, a person moving into the line-of-sight path causes 6 to 8 dB attenuation in the received power level. When a hand-held terminal is used, the proximity of the antenna to the user’s head and body affect the received signal level. For example, at 900 MHz, measurements with a dipole antenna showed the received signal strength to decrease in the vicinity of 4 to 7 dB when the terminal was held at the waist, and 1 to 2 dB when the terminal was held against the head. 8.8 References Bultitude, R. J. C., S. A. Mahmoud, W. A. Sullivan [1989], “A Comparison of Indoor Radio Propagation Characteristics of 910 MHz and 1.75 GHz,” IEEE Journal of Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 7, No. 1, January, pp. 20-30. Cox, D. C., R. R. Murray, H. W. Arnold, A. W. Norris, and M. F. Wazowics [1986], “Cross-Polarization Coupling Measured for 800 MHz Radio Transmission In and Around Houses and Large Buildings,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-34, No. 1. January, pp. 83-87. Cox, D. C., R. R. Murray, and A. W. Norris [1984], “800 MHz Attenuation Measured in and around Suburban Houses,” Bell Labs Tech. J., Vol. 63, pp. 921-954. Cox, D. C., R. R. Murray, and A. W. Norris [1985], “Antenna Height Dependence of 800 MHz Attenuation Measured in Houses,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. VT-34, No. 2, May, pp. 108-115.
Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects Inside Buildings 8-35 Fujimori, K. and H. Arai [1997], “Polarization Characteristics Under Indoor Micro/Pico Cell Environments,” 10th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Edinburgh, UK, 14-17 April, Conference Publication No. 436, pp. 2.302-2.310. Hoffman, H. H., and D. C. Cox [1982], “Attenuation of 900 MHz Radio Waves Propagating into a Metal Building,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. AP-30, No. 4, July, pp. 808-811. ITU-R [1995], “Propagation Data and Prediction Models for the Planning of Indoor Radiocommunications Systems and Radio Local Area Networks in the frequency Range 900 MHz to 100 GHz,” International Telecommunications Union, Radiocommunications Study Group, Document 3/2-E, 8 January, (Doc. 3K/TEMP/39(Rev.2). Polydorou, A., G. Stratakos, C. Capsalis, and N. Uzunoglu [1995], “Comparative Study of Millimeter Wave Propagation at 30 GHz and 60 GHz in Indoor Environment,” International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 16, No. 10, pp. 1845- 1862. Rappaport, T. S. [1989], “Characterization of UHF Multipath Radio Channels in Factory Buildings,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 37, No. 8, August, pp. 1058-1069. Seidel, S. Y. and T. S. Rappaport [1992], “914 MHz Path Loss Prediction Models for Indoor Wireless Communications in Multifloored Buildings,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 40, No. 2, February, pp. 209-217. Tang, Y. and H. Sobol [1995], “Measurements of PCS Microwave Propagation in Buildings,” Applied Microwave and Wireless, Winter, pp. 38-60. Vogel, W. J., G. W. Torrence, and H. P. Lin [1995a], “Into Building Fading at L- and S-Band For Satellite PCS,” Proc. of the 19 th NASA Propagation Experimenters Meeting (NAPEX XIX) and the Seventh Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) Propagation Studies Workshop (APSW VII), (JPL Publication 95- 15), Fort Collins, Colorado, June 14-16. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California). Vogel, W. J., G. W. Torrence, and H. P. Lin [1995b], “Slant-Path Building Penetration Measurements at L- and S-Band, EERL Technical Report EERL-95-301, 23 March (The University of Texas, Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758). Vogel, W. J. and G. W. Torrence [1995c], “Slant-Path Building Penetration Measurements from 500 to 3000 MHz, EERL Technical Report EERL-95-10A, 30 October (The University of Texas, Electrical Engineering Research Laboratory, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, Texas 78758-4497). Vogel, W. J and G. W. Torrence [1993], “Propagation Measurements for Satellite Radio Reception Inside Buildings,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 41, No. 7, July, pp. 954-961. Wang, L. Q., N. E. Evans, J. B. Burns, and J. G. W. Mathews [1995], “Fading Characteristics of a 2.3 GHz Radio Telemetry Channel in a Hospital Building,” Medical Engineering Physics, Vol. 17, No. 5., pp. 226-231.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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