Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems RMS Wave Height, h (m) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Signifcant Wave Height, H (m) 10° 9° 8° 7° 6° 5° 4° El = 3° Figure 9-2: Roughness parameter versus significant wave height (lower abscissa) and RMS wave height (upper abscissa). 9.3.2 Prediction Method of Karasawa and Shiokawa We describe here the prediction model of Karasawa and Shiokawa [1988] (also adopted by the ITU-R [1994, pp. 352-354]) for evaluating the fading depth due to sea surface multipath reflections. The individual steps in executing this model follow: Step1: Confirm the applicable parameters for which the method is valid. These are: • Frequency range from 1 to 2 GHz (nominal frequency is 1.5 GHz). • Polarization is circular or horizontal. Vertical polarizations may be used for elevation angles above 8°. Below 8°, noticeable errors may exist for vertical polarization due to Brewster angle complications. • Elevation angle θ o is within the interval given by
Maritime-Mobile Satellite Propagation Effects 9-7 3 o BW ≤θ o ≤ . (9-15) 4 • The sea condition is such that the roughness parameter u defined as: is given by 4π u = h sin( θo ) ( -16 λ 2 ≤ u 10, (9-17) where λ is the wavelength in m, θ o is the elevation angle to the satellite, h0 is the RMS wave height in m related to the significant wave height H by ho = H 4 . (9-18) Employing Figure 9-2, (9-17) implies for instance, at 5° elevation 1. 5 H 7. 3 or 0. 4 ho 1. 8 ( m) ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ . (9-19) Step 2: Find the relative antenna gain Dr (in dB) in the direction of the specular reflection point on the sea. The relative antenna gain is approximately given by D r −4 Go / 10 2 ( ) r = − 4 × 10 10 −1 θ , (9-20) where G0 is the antenna gain in dBi (dB above isotropic), and θ = 15 . θ (9-21) r o when the beam center is in the direction of the satellite. The factor of 1.5 (as opposed to 2) is used since a significant portion of the multipath energy comes from the region between the true specular reflection point and the horizon [Karasawa and Shiokawa, 1984a]. Step 3: Obtain the Fresnel reflection coefficient Rij (in dB), where i represents the polarization of the incident wave and j is the polarization of the reflected wave. These reflection coefficients are tabulated for the sea at 1.5 GHz in Table 9-1 for horizontal polarization RHH, vertical polarization RVV, and circular polarization RCC. The Fresnel reflection coefficients may also be calculated using the formulas of Beckmann and Spizzichino [1963]. Step 4: Calculate the correction factor C θ in dB given by and Cθ = 0 dB for θo ≥ 7° (9-22)
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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