Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus path elevation angle at different exceedance probabilities assuming an antenna gain G0 = 18 dBi, 1.5 GHz, and circular polarization.................................................. 9-12 Figure 9-8: Fading depth versus path elevation angle at different exceedance probabilities assuming an antenna gain G0 = 20 dBi, 1.5 GHz, and circular polarization.................................................. 9-12 Figure 9-9: Fading depth versus path elevation angle at different exceedance probabilities assuming an antenna gain G0 = 25 dBi, 1.5 GHz, and circular polarization.................................................. 9-13 Figure 9-10: Definitions of “fade duration” TD and “fade occurrence interval” TI. These are defined at the signal level Rp that is exceeded P(%) of the time................................................................ 9-15 Figure 9-11: Spectral bandwidth f-10 of 1.5 GHz multipath fading due to sea surface reflection based on a theoretical model [Karasawa and Shiokawa; 1984b]. The upper bound f-10U corresponds to a significant wave height of 5 m, ship velocity of 20 knots, with a roll of 30°. The lower bound f-10L corresponds to a significant wave height of 1 m, ship velocity of 0 knots, with 0° roll. ............................................................................................................................................ 9-15 Figure 9-12: Bounds of mean fade occurrence interval TI (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 99% at L-Band. .................................................................................................. 9-17 Figure 9-13: Bounds of mean fade occurrence interval TI (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 95% at L-Band. .................................................................................................. 9-18 Figure 9-14: Bounds of mean fade occurrence interval TI (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 90% at L-Band. .................................................................................................. 9-18 Figure 9-15: Bounds of mean fade duration TD (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 99% at L-Band. .......................................................................................................................... 9-19 Figure 9-16: Bounds of mean fade duration TD (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 95% at L-Band. .......................................................................................................................... 9-19 Figure 9-17: Bounds of mean fade duration TD (P) for multipath fade exceedance percentage P = 90% at L-Band. .......................................................................................................................... 9-20 Figure 9-18: Calculation of contours of fading depth at the 99% probability exceedance level for variable frequencies and significant wave heights assuming an elevation angle of 5°, circular polarization, antenna gain of 15 dBi, and wind-wave sea conditions are assumed dominant. The region to the left of the dashed line corresponds to where the coherent and incoherent components of multipath reflections may contribute.................................................................... 9-21 Figure 9-19: Fading depth versus significant wave height at 3 GHz, 5 GHz, and 10 GHz extracted from Figure 9-18 in the region where incoherent multipath dominates......................................... 9-22 Table of Tables Table 9-1: Fresnel reflection coefficient values of the sea at 1.5 GHz for various polarizations............... 9-9 Table 9-2: Parameters α, β at the given probabilities that fit (9-25) derived from the Nakagami- Rice distribution........................................................................................................................... 9-9 Table 9-3: Values of parameters a, b, c for upper lower bounds of –10 dB spectral bandwidth (9-32)... 9-16 9-ii
Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite Propagation Effects 9.1 Introduction Problems that may affect maritime-mobile satellite communications are • blockage from ship-structures along the Earth-satellite path, • multipath from ship structures • multipath from the ocean at low grazing angles when low-gain antennas are used • fading due to ionospheric or tropospheric scintillations at low elevation angles • Faraday rotation effects • tropospheric refractive effects at low elevation angles such as ducting. This chapter deals primarily with multipath fading from the ocean when low gain antennas are employed at low elevation angles for ship-satellite scenarios. The other effects enumerated above are either beyond the scope of this text or are described elsewhere. 9.2 Early Multipath Experiments 9.2.1 Ship to Satellite Fading Measurements Early measurements of multipath effects at 1.5 GHz for ship to satellite communications scenarios were reported by Fang et al. [1982a, b]. The measurements were executed with a terminal on a ship transmitting to and receiving from the MARISAT F-1 satellite located at 15°-west longitude (over the Atlantic Ocean). The antenna diameter was 1.2 m (approximately 12° beamwidth) and the system G/T was –4 dB/K. Elevation angles
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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