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4-10 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems during this time. The most benign of the near-water multipath distributions is given by Curve 2, which shows a maximum fade of 5 dB at 1%. As mentioned, this orientation (Parallel A) was such that vehicle was facing the satellite and the antenna was located at the rear of the vehicle. Hence, the vehicle shielded reflections from the body of water mitigating multipath effects. On the other hand, when the vehicle’s rear was facing the satellite (Curve 4 and Parallel B), relatively large multipath fading is observed. For this case, minimal shielding by the vehicle occurred. For this case, fading as high a 13 dB existed at 1% probability. Perpendicular orientation also offers an aspect with minimal roof shielding. Perpendicular B case shows the largest multipath fading of 14 dB at 1%. It is conjectured that the distributions for the two perpendicular cases are not similar because the vehicle was located at different relative positions relative to the surrounding scene for these cases. 4.5 Multipath Versus Driving Directions Figure 4-6 shows eight distributions derived from measurements corresponding to different driving scenarios for three roads in central-Maryland during the 20 GHz ACTS mobile-propagation campaign [Goldhirsh et al., 1994]. The measurements associated with these distributions were performed in March (1994) during which time the deciduous trees were devoid of leaves. For the Route 295 driving measurements, the earth-satellite path was slightly to the right of the driver traveling south and to the left of the driver traveling north as shown in the sketch of Figure 4-7. Hence, for the condition in which the vehicle is driven south, less shadowing should be expected in the left lane (as shown) vis-à-vis the right lane. The low fades associated with the distributions of Curves 1 and 2 correspond to the above cases (left lane traveling south and right lane traveling north). Signal degradation for these cases is caused by multipath as is evident from the relative low fade values associated with the distributions. Curves 3 and 4 in Figure 4-6 correspond to the geometry in which the vehicle is closer to the line of roadside trees where the likelihood for shadowing and tree attenuation is more pronounced. Curves 5 to 8 represent distributions for other directions and other roads in which the shadowing aspect is more pronounced. It is apparent from the highly variable fade levels in Figure 4-6, for the same geographic location, the driving direction relative to the vehicle-satellite bearing plays a significant role in establishing the level of fading.
Signal Degradation for Line-of-Sight Communications 4-11 Percent. of Dist. Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Road Traveled [1] 295 N. Rt. Lane [2] 295 S. Left Lane [3] 295 N. Left Lane [4] 295 S. Rt. Lane [5] 32 North [6] 32 South [7] 108 West [8] 108 East 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Fade Depth, dB Figure 4-6: Fade distributions due to multipath and shadowing in central Maryland at 20 GHz. Curves 1 and 2 represent primarily multipath, other curves correspond to varying degrees of tree shadowing from canopies devoid of foliage. ACTS 295 S 295 N Figure 4-7: Relative azimuths of mobile-satellite path and driving direction for Route 295 (four-lane highway with two lanes in each direction).
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-12 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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7-28 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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