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10-10 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems 10.6.1 Cumulative Fade Distributions for Urban Areas In Tokyo, London, and Singapore Assuming that the urban environment of Tokyo (mid-latitude ≈ 35.5°) is globally representative and has similar skyline statistics as other urban areas, cumulative fade distributions were derived for London, England having a higher latitude ( ≈ 51.5°) and Singapore (Island of Singapore), at the equatorial latitude ( ≈ 1°). Based on photogrammetric measurements and the known satellite constellations (of Globalstar), at each of these locations the average state mixtures of the “highest” and “best” were determined for all images and the entire period. The values of C, S, B are listed in Table 10-5 for both of these cases. The “highest” satellite configuration is a form of satellite diversity where communications is sequentially switched (every 18 s in the case considered here) to the satellite that gives the largest elevation angle of the earth-satellite path; regardless of whether it is “blocked” or “shadowed.” The “best” satellite configuration switches first to the satellite that has a “clear line-of-sight.” If such a satellite does not exist in the constellation, switching takes place to a satellite that is “shadowed.” If neither the “clear” or “shadowed” line of sight is available, then the lineof-sight path is blocked. Table 10-5: List of values of “path-state vector” components C, S, B for Globalstar constellation in London, Tokyo, and Singapore. Location Highest Satellite Best Satellite C S B C S B London 0.689 0.086 0.225 0.817 0.081 0.102 Tokyo 0.583 0.103 0.314 0.782 0.095 0.124 Singapore 0.567 0.110 0.323 0.668 0.121 0.211 In Figure 10-6 are plotted the cumulative fade distributions for the “highest” satellite cases for the above mentioned cities. The cumulative fade distribution for London shows the smallest fades because the elevation angles to the satellites are generally greater. It is noted that 15 dB is exceeded at 20% (London) to approximately 30% (Singapore and Tokyo) of locations (or of time) for the “highest” satellite scenario.
Optical Methods for Assessing Fade Margins 10-11 Probability (%) Fade > Abscissa 99 98 95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 2 1 London Singapore Cumulative Fade Distribution For the Globalstar Constellation Using the Highest Satellite Tokyo -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Fade (dB) Figure 10-6: Cumulative fade distribution for Globalstar satellite constellation associated with “highest” satellite diversity scenario. The path state vector components for London, Tokyo, and Singapore are given in Table 10-5. 10.7 Statistics of Potentially Visible Satellites in Various States In order to establish a priori an optimum communications strategy for any given landmobile satellite system, it is desirable to have knowledge of the statistics associated with the “states” of the “potentially visible” satellites. In this section, we describe such a statistic assuming the Globalstar system of satellites at the geographic locations of Tokyo, London, and Singapore. As mentioned, “potentially visible” is defined as a satellite at an elevation angle above 10°. Figure 10-7 through Figure 10-9 are three-dimensional bar charts describing satellite constellation and path-state mixture statistics for Tokyo, London, and Singapore, respectively. The vertical scale signifies the joint probability (in percent) that the indicated numbers of satellites are potentially visible with the shown state mixture. The scale labeled “Mixed State” represents the various combinations of states for up to four potentially visible satellites. For example, CCSB corresponds to the states clear, clear, shadowed, and blocked for four potentially visible satellites. When three satellites are potentially visible, we take the first three states; namely, clear, clear, and shadowed. For the two-satellite case, this nomenclature implies the clear, clear state, and for one satellite, it represents the clear state. The indicated “All” state denotes all the satellites
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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