Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

Table of Contents
11 Theoretical Modeling Considerations __________________________________ 11-1
11.1 Background ______________________________________________________ 11-1
11.2 Background Information Associated with Model Development____________ 11-2
11.2.1 Diffusely Scattered Waves________________________________________________ 11-2
11.2.2 Faraday Rotation _______________________________________________________ 11-3
11.2.3 Ground Specular Reflection ______________________________________________ 11-4
11.3 Empirical Regression Models________________________________________ 11-4
11.3.1 Large-scale - Small-scale (LS-SS) Coverage Model ____________________________ 11-5
11.3.1.1 Example: LS-SS Model _____________________________________________ 11-7
11.3.1.2 Discussion _______________________________________________________ 11-9
11.3.2 Extended Empirical Roadside Shadowing Model ______________________________ 11-9
11.3.2.1 Discussion ______________________________________________________ 11-10
11.4 Probability Distribution Models ____________________________________ 11-10
11.4.1 Density Functions Used In Propagation Modeling ____________________________ 11-11
11.4.1.1 Ricean or Nakagami-Rice Density Function ____________________________ 11-11
11.4.1.2 Rayleigh Density Function__________________________________________ 11-12
11.4.1.3 Lognormal Density Function ________________________________________ 11-13
11.4.2 Loo's Distribution Model________________________________________________ 11-13
11.4.2.1 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration ________________________ 11-16
11.4.2.2 Discussion ______________________________________________________ 11-16
11.4.3 Total Shadowing Model ________________________________________________ 11-17
11.4.3.1 Discussion ______________________________________________________ 11-18
11.4.4 Lognormal Shadowing Model ____________________________________________ 11-18
11.4.4.1 Discussion ______________________________________________________ 11-19
11.4.5 Simplified Lognormal Shadowing Model ___________________________________ 11-19
11.4.5.1 Discussion ______________________________________________________ 11-22
11.4.6 Models With Fade State Transitions _______________________________________ 11-22
11.4.6.1 Two- and Four-State Markov Modeling _______________________________ 11-22
11.4.6.2 Markov Transitions, Multipath And Fade Depth Model ___________________ 11-23
11.5 Geometric Analytic Models ________________________________________ 11-23
11.5.1 Single Object Models __________________________________________________ 11-24
11.5.1.1 Point Scatterer Multipath ___________________________________________ 11-24
11.5.1.2 Fresnel Approaches to Tree Shadowing________________________________ 11-27
11.5.2 Multiple Object Scattering Models ________________________________________ 11-27
11.5.2.1 Two-Dimensional Model ___________________________________________ 11-27
11.5.2.2 Three-Dimensional Model __________________________________________ 11-28
11.5.2.3 Discussion ______________________________________________________ 11-30
11.6 Summary and Recommendations ___________________________________ 11-30
11.7 References ______________________________________________________ 11-31
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