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6-10 6.5.3 Diversity Gain Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems Diversity gain is a concept defined by Hodge [1978] for an earth-satellite communications system involving two spaced antennas operating in a diversity mode in the presence of precipitation. This concept may also be applied to antennas separated atop a vehicle for LMSS scenarios. The diversity gain is defined as the fade reduction experienced while operating in the diversity mode at a given fade margin. It is equal to the difference in fades between the single terminal and joint probability distributions at a fixed probability level. For example, from Figure 6-6 we note that the diversity gain at a probability of 1% for a 1 m antenna separation is 4 dB. Hence, while the single terminal operation at 1% probability will experience a 12 dB fade, the diversity pair for a 1 m separation will experience only an 8 dB fade. In Figure 6-8 are plotted the diversity gains versus antenna separations for a family of single terminal fade levels. Each single terminal fade uniquely defines a probability level. For example, an 8 dB fade occurs at a probability level of 3% as is noted from Figure 6-6 (for d = 0). Figure 6-8 shows that for any given fade margin, the effect of the antenna separation is dramatic the first 2 meters, whereas at larger spacing, relatively little additional fade reduction ensues. Diversity Gain (dB) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 14 dB 12 dB 10 dB 8 dB 6 dB 4 dB 3 dB 2 dB 1 dB 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Antenna Separation, d (m) Figure 6-8: Diversity gain versus antenna separation distance for a family of single terminal fade levels.
Polarization, Antenna Gain and Diversity Considerations 6-11 6.5.4 Space Diversity for Expressway and Trunk Road Driving in Japan Ryuko and Saruwatari [1991] describe 1.5 GHz cumulative fade distributions derived from road measurements in Japan using the Japanese Engineering Test Satellite V (ETS-V) as the transmitter platform. Using these measurements, joint probability distributions were calculated as a function of antenna spacing on the roof of a mobile vehicle. Measurements were made on roads labeled “expressways” and “trunk roads.” The “expressways” in Japan run through mountainous areas and have many overpasses with local roads. The “trunk roads” are not as wide and run through urban areas. The major fading for “expressway” measurements was observed to depend primarily on the density of overpasses. On the other hand, tall buildings primarily cause “trunk road” fades. Table 6-4 summarizes the fading and diversity gain results for the Kan-etsu Expressway and the trunk road which correspond to measurements at an elevation angle of 46° to 47°. The Kan-etsu Expressway has a total length of 150 km between Tokyo and Yuzawa. The trunk road runs alongside the Kan-etsu Expressway, passes through local urban areas, suburbs, farming areas and has many bridge crossings for pedestrians. Pedestrian-bridge crossings, tall buildings, trees, utility poles and road signs caused fading for this road. Since this route runs approximately in the same direction as the satellite path, fading along other trunk roads not so favored by direction is expected to be more severe. The expressway case shows that a diversity gain of 4 dB exists at the 1% probability level. Negligible diversity gain differences exist when the antenna spacing is increased from 5 m to 10 m over the percentage interval shown. The trunk road exhibits similar results at the higher percentages. At the 0.5% fade (13 dB), diversity gains of 5 dB and 8 dB occur at an antenna spacing of 5 m and 10 m, respectively. Table 6-4: Single terminal fade distribution and diversity gain values for Japan roads, Ryuko and Saruwatari [1991]. Road Type Single Terminal Diversity Gain for Given Antenna Separation (dB) Prob (%) Fade (dB) d = 5 m d = 10 m Expressway 2.0 3 1 1 1.0 6 4 4 0.5 14 11 11.5 Trunk Road 2.0 3 1 1 1.0 6 3 4 0.5 13 5 8
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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Earth-Satellite Propagation Effects
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Chapter 9 Maritime-Mobile Satellite
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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