Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for θo < 7° Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems (9-23) Step 5: Find the mean power of sea reflected waves Pr (in dB) relative to the direct power. This is given by Pr r ij = D + R + C (dB) (9-24) θ Step 6: Find the fading depth A (relative to the direct power) from Figure 9-1 by setting the multipath power calculated from (9-24) to the abscissa. Least square fits of the individual curves in Figure 9-1 follow the form ⎛ Pr ⎞ A = α exp ⎜− ⎟ (dB), (9-25) ⎝ β ⎠ where the parameters α , β in (9-25) are tabulated in Table 9-2 for different exceedance percentages. In Figure 9-3 through Figure 9-9 are given the fading depths versus the elevation angle for antenna gains of 0, 5, 10, 15, 18, 20, and 25 dBi, respectively. These curves were derived executing the above-described steps at 1.5 GHz, assuming circular polarization. 9.3.3 Example Calculation Consider the following example: f G θ o = 1. 5GHz o = 10 dB = 6 o Polarization = Circular (9-26) It is desired to find the signal level variation (relative to the direct power) at the 99% exceedance probability level. For circular aperture antennas, the half power beamwidth BW in (9-15) is approximately given by BW = ρ Go 180 / 20 (deg), (9-27) 10 where ρ is the antenna efficiency factor (between 0 and 1). Assuming a nominal value of 0.6 for ρ , BW ≈ 44°. Hence (9-15) is satisfied. We tacitly assume the conditions (9-16) and (9-17) are also satisfied. Injecting G0 = 10 dB and θ r = 1. 5, θo = 9° into (9-5), we obtain Dr = -0.29 dB. Substituting θ o = 6° into (9-23) results in Cθ = −0. 5 dB. The reflection coefficient for circular polarization is given by RCC = -6.19 dB from Table 9-1 at θ o = 6° . Substituting the above values into (9-24) gives the mean power of sea reflected waves Pr = -6.98 dB. Finally, substituting α = − 24. 8271, β = −6. 9088 from
Maritime-Mobile Satellite Propagation Effects 9-9 Table 9-2 (P = 99%) into (9-25) results in a fading depth relative to the direct signal of A = -9.0 dB. Figure 9-1 at θ o = 6° gives the same value for the fading depth at the 99% level. Table 9-1: Fresnel reflection coefficient values of the sea at 1.5 GHz for various polarizations Elevation, θ (deg) Polarization Horiz., R HH (dB) Vertical, R VV (dB) Circular R CC (dB) 1 -0.03 -2.86 -1.34 2 -0.06 -5.83 -2.52 3 -0.09 -9.05 -3.57 4 -0.12 -12.58 -4.52 5 -0.15 -16.01 -5.39 6 -0.18 -17.41 -6.19 7 -0.21 -16.01 -6.94 8 -0.24 -13.95 -7.64 9 -0.27 -12.19 -8.3 10 -0.30 -10.81 -8.92 11 -0.33 -9.7 -9.52 12 -0.36 -8.81 -10.09 13 -0.39 -8.07 -10.64 14 -0.42 -7.46 -11.16 15 -0.45 -6.93 -11.67 16 -0.48 -6.48 -12.17 17 -0.51 -6.09 -12.65 18 -0.54 -5.74 -13.12 19 -0.57 -5.44 -13.58 20 -0.60 -5.16 -14.03 Table 9-2: Parameters α, β at the given probabilities that fit (9-25) derived from the Nakagami-Rice distribution. Probability (%) α β 1 9.5414 -10.3467 10 6.7844 -9.0977 50 2.9286 -3.5705 90 -8.1119 -8.6521 99 -24.8271 -6.9088
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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