Handbook of Propagation Effects for Vehicular and ... - Courses

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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 1 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 7-28: Curves labeled 1 and 3 correspond to Category II and curves labeled 4 and 5 represent Category III (defined in text) [Rice et al., 1996]. Curve 2 presented by Gargione et al. [1995], was derived from measurements over a series of roads that encircled the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. 3 The dashed curve in Figure 7-29 represents a 20 GHz measured distribution obtained for a tree-lined road in central Maryland in which the deciduous trees were without foliage and where the tree population was in excess of 55% [Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1995]. This distribution and others described in Figure 7-30 and Figure 7-31 were derived as part of a mobile satellite propagation measurements campaign in the United States employing the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) [Goldhirsh et al, 1995; Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1994]. The solid curve in Figure 7-29 is the corresponding distribution assuming the trees along the same road were in full foliage. This distribution was derived employing a prediction methodology described in Chapter 3. The solid curve in Figure 7-30 is a 20 GHz distribution at 55° elevation measured in Bastrop, Texas along an approximate 10 km stretch of road. It was lined with evergreen trees where the population was in excess of 55% and where there were segments along the road in which the canopies of trees on both sides of the road formed a tunnel of foliage. The dashed curve represents the predicted distribution obtained from the EERS model. Figure 7-31 shows a set of distributions measured in the vicinity of Fairbanks, Alaska along tree-line roads where the elevation angle was 8°. A large variation in the distributions exists because of the varying likelihood of terrain blockage and/or multiple foliage shadowing along some of the roads. 4 5
Investigations from Different Countries 7-25 Percentage of Distance Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 Tree Status Foliage Extended Measured - No Foliage 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 7-29: Measured distribution in central Maryland at 20 GHz for deciduous trees without leaves (dashed) and foliage predicted distribution (solid) [Goldhirsh and Vogel, 1995]. Percentage of Distance Fade > Abscissa 100 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10 9 8 7 6 5 1 4 3 2 CFD at 20 GHz Elev = 54.5° Measurement EERS Prediction 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Fade Depth (dB) Figure 7-30: Measured cumulative fade distribution at 20 GHz (Bastrop, Texas; elevation = 54.5°). Dashed curve represents EERS prediction.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-8 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Figure 9-7: Fading depth versus pat
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9-6 Roughness Parameter, u (Rad) 28
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9-8 Cθ = ( θo − 7) / 2 dB for
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9-10 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-12 Fading Depth (dB) 6 5 4 3 2 1
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9-18 Mean Fade Occurrence Interval,
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9-20 Mean Fade Duration, T D (sec)
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9-22 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.
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Table of Contents 10 Optical Method
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Chapter 10 Optical Methods for Asse
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Optical Methods for Assessing Fade
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Table of Contents 11 Theoretical Mo
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Chapter 11 Theoretical Modeling Con
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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