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9-14 Propagation Effects for Vehicular and Personal Mobile Satellite Systems where T ( 50%) is the mean value of the fade occurrence interval at the fade I exceedance percentage of 50% and m(P) is given by (9-31). The mean value of the fade duration at the fade exceedance P or T D (P) may be calculated by ⎛ P ⎞ D ( P) = T ( P) ⎜1 − ⎟ . (9-29) ⎝ 100 ⎠ T I The mean fade occurrence interval at P = 50% may be calculated using 3 TI ( 50%) = , (9-30) f −10 where f-10 is called the “-10 dB spectral bandwidth.” This corresponds to the bandwidth over which the power density decays to –10 dB relative to the peak power density (characterized in Figure 9-11). The parameter m(P) in (9-28) is evaluated using the following equations. 2 m( P) = 2. 33 − 0. 847α − 0. 144α − 0. 0657α α = log( 100 − P) for 70% ≤ P ≤ 3 99. 9% (9-31) The bandwidth f-10 was derived from a theoretical fading model of Karasawa and Shiokawa [1984b] and is plotted as a function of elevation angle in Figure 9-11 at 1.5 GHz for two maritime conditions. The upper bound (denoted by f-10U) corresponds to a significant wave height of 5 m, ship velocity of 20 knots, with a roll of 30°. The lower bound (f-10L) corresponds to a significant wave height of 1 m, ship velocity of 0 knots, with 0° roll. Least square fits of the lower and upper curves in Figure 9-11 have the form ⎛θ o ⎞ f−10 U , L = a + bexp⎜ ⎟ . (9-32) ⎝ c ⎠ The values of a,b,c are tabulated in Table 9-3 for the upper bound f-10U and lower bound f-10L.
Maritime-Mobile Satellite Propagation Effects 9-15 Figure 9-10: Definitions of “fade duration” TD and “fade occurrence interval” TI. These are defined at the signal level Rp that is exceeded P(%) of the time. Spectral Bandwidth f -10 (Hz) 10.0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1.0 9 8 7 6 5 0.1 4 3 2 Upper Bound Lower Bound 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Elevation Angle (deg) Figure 9-11: Spectral bandwidth f-10 of 1.5 GHz multipath fading due to sea surface reflection based on a theoretical model [Karasawa and Shiokawa; 1984b]. The upper bound f-10U corresponds to a significant wave height of 5 m, ship velocity of 20 knots, with a roll of 30°. The lower bound f-10L corresponds to a significant wave height of 1 m, ship velocity of 0 knots, with 0° roll.
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A2A-98-U-0-021 (APL) EERL-98-12A (E
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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10 Optical Methods for Assessing Fa
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction __
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1-2 Propagation Effects for Vehicul
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Table of Contents 2 Attenuation Due
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Chapter 2 Attenuation Due to Trees:
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Attenuation Due to Trees: Static Ca
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Table of Contents 3 Attenuation Due
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Figure 3-23: Fade distributions at
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3-4 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-10 Percent of Distance the Fade >
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3-12 Propagation Effects for Vehicu
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3-14 3.4.3 Austin, Texas at K-Band
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3-20 Relative Signal Level (dB) 5 0
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3-24 Percentage of Distance Fade >
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3-26 and where 1 2 Propagation Effe
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3-28 Percentage of the Time Fade >
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3-32 3.7.5 Comparative Summary of M
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Chapter 4 Signal Degradation for Li
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Table of Tables Table 4-1: Summary
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4-4 Percentage of Distance Fade > A
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4-14 Percentage of Distance or Time
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Table of Contents 5 Fade and Non-Fa
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Chapter 5 Fade and Non-Fade Duratio
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Fade and Non-Fade Durations and Pha
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Table of Contents 6 Polarization, A
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Chapter 6 Polarization, Antenna Gai
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Polarization, Antenna Gain and Dive
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Table of Contents 7 Investigations
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was derived from measurements over
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7-6 7.3 Belgium (PROSAT Experiment)
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7-10 Probability Fade > Abscissa (%
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7-14 Percentage of Time Fade > Absc
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7-24 Probability (%) > Abscissa 100
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Table of Figures Figure 8-1: Maximu
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Chapter 8 Earth-Satellite Propagati
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Theoretical Modeling Considerations
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Table of Contents 12 Summary of Rec
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Table 12-7: Tabulation of azimuth a
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12-10 12.6.5 Satellite Diversity Pr
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12-12 Propagation Effects for Vehic
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12-14 Standard Deviation (dB) 4 3 2
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12-18 Fade Depth (dB) 7.0 6.5 6.0 5
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Index 13-1 Index 2 2-state Markov m
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Index 13-3 Jongejans, A. et al., 3-
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