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l66 TRAVELS IN ASIATIC TURKEY, endeavours to estimate his means. If there is no plausible colour or pretext for the entire confiscation of the property of an indivi- dual on whom the suspicion of riches has fallen, he is callGil on to contribute a sum, perhaps very disproportionate to his means, on the default of producing which, not only his property, but his own life, and those of his relatives, arc brought into danger. Industry is thus discouraged; and to the tyranny exercised over the wretched cultivators may be attributed the neglected state of many large tracts of land, which, under a better form of government, would be abundantly productive. The wooden plough employed here for agricultural purposes, is drawn by a pair of small oxen. The barley and wheat are sown in January, and reaped in May. In difFerent parts of Syria the inhabitants pursue difFerent modes in the treatment of their vines, which in some places they prune nearly to the surface of the earth, depending on the spring shoots for the autumnal produce; while in others thev allow them to attain their full growth, supporting their branches with props. The grapes, when ripe, are in general held in too great an esteem, as a part of the nourishment of the inhabitants, to be converted into wine; but this is not invariably the case. At Jerusalem and Bethlehem we drank some excellent wine, the produce of the neighbouring vineyards, which were cultivated with much labour and industry. I shall add a few words of general observation on the diseases of and then Syria, with which I shall close the present digression, proceed to the more immediate objects of this narrative. The Syrians are subject to few endemic diseases, of which the psorophthalmy, an inveterate complaint of the eyes, is the pincipal and most common. It prevails so generally, that in the town of Jaffa nearly two thirds of the inhabitants had, from its effects, lost the sight either of one, or of both the eyes; insomuch that the numbers of blind people led about were truly astonishing. It appears to me that the remote causes of this obstinate disease, the effects of which are so calamitous, may be traced to a bad diet; an exposure to a hot air from the white and burning sands, the fine particles of which float almost perpetually in the atmosphere; and, lastly, the confined huts or dwellings in which the inhabitants re- side. In support of the probability of the second of these causes, it has been remarked, that during the season when the figs and grapes ripen, that is, in the months of May, June, and July, when the most intense heat prevails, this disease is most common,
SYRIA, EGYPT, GERMANY, &C. 1 67 and is accompanied by an unusual malignance. With respect to the latter cause which has been assumed, it should be remarked, that the habitations of the poorer classes of Syrians, to whom the psorophthalmy more particularly attaches itself, are formed of a few stones badly cemented together by the means of mud or dung, and which, having but a small elevation from the soil, rather re- semble cells, or taverns, for the abode of anchorites, than dwellings in which the conveniences of social life are consulted. Being utterly destitute of chimnies, or other openings to carry off the smoke, the vapours of the dried camel's dung, which is burned for fueb, disperse themselves in the foul atmosphere by which the wretched inmates are enveloped, and, among other baneful effects, cannot fail to irritate the organ of vision. It is most probably owing to the same cause of the impure air which they inspire in these miserable hovels, that the countenances of the Syrian peasants are haggard, squalid, and without that animated glow which denotes an equable circulation of the blood, and a free passage through the excretory channels of the skin. The other diseases most prevalent in Syria are dysentery, cuta- neous eruptions, small-pox, putrid, intermittent, and remittent fevers, and, lastly, the plague, which it would appear, however, is generally brought from other countries. The small-pox is frequently very fatal among the inhabitants, who, to guard against its ravages, have sometimes recourse to inoculation. In these cases. it is their practice to puncture the arm with a sharp instrument, si- milar to a needle, and to rub on the punctured part the variolous matter taken from a chosen pustule. This mode of inoculation is confined to the Christian Arabs, who are pretty successful in the. result, although they have no recourse to internal reniedies. The malignant fevers generally prevail in the winter season, and during the months of November and December 1800, swept off a great part of the population of Acre. The treatment of diseases employed by the Syrians is as capri- cious and immethodical as confined within narrow limits. They place a great confidence in the use of the lancet; but to this they have recourse in the spring season only of the year. As an argument of the salutary temperature of the air of Syria, the very rare occurrence of pulmonary diseases should be adduced, as well as the numerous instances of longevity among the inhabitants, who frequently attain the age of an hundred, and, in some instances, of an hundred and ten years, and upwards. Were they
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IV public capacity, and the respect
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Vlll PREFACE. lar friends) to note
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CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Military Missi
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CONTENTS. 13 CHAP. IX. Progress thr
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CONTENTS. 15 Baird. Lake of Aboukir
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TRAVELS IN ASIATIC TURKEY, SYRIA, E
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iMEDICAL JOURNAL. SYRIA and EGYPT,
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OF PLAGUE. 377 spots cover the body
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OF PLAGUE. 379 Mahmoud Reif EJfendi
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Query. Probably OF PLAGUE. 381 the
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jS'o HISTORICAL JOURNAL termination
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jgO HISTORICAL JOURNAL of these cas
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392 ON OPHTHALMIA. The diseases of
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STATE OF THERMOMETER, WINDS, BAROME
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STATE OF THERMOMETER, WINDS, RAIN,
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Nov. STATE OF THERMOMETER, WINDS, R
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Bcn-el-hazar, productions of the co
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Egypt, mode of getting in the corn
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Jaffa, gardens of, 106 James, St. p
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Proccss'cn, grand, on the opening o
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JUST PUBLISHED AND TO BE SOLD BY Ja
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THE PLEADER'S GUIDE, a didadic poem
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jLD-W AM 7 ~j\ University of Califo
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