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S. KULKARNI showing an almost complete shift towards the standard variant (98.5%). Children from the Scheduled group with a group score of 77.6% follow behind the Backward group. Though the middle class Maratha girls show reasonably high scores (79.2%), the boys of this group score the least (64.4%) within the group of middle class children in the sample. To summarize the findings from the foregoing analysis of the use of the retroflex nasal among children in the Pune sample: Statistical analysis revealed that caste membership has the most powerful influence on the use of standard /)/. This finding has made it possible to conclude that the (N) variable is a caste marker and that it marks off Brahmin identity from non-Brahmin identity. There is, however, a strong standardising tendency among the children from educated and middle class Scheduled and Backward caste families. Singh (1979) investigated caste influence on the categorical use of retroflex and dental nasals in certain lexical items in the Punjabi dialect spoken in the village of Desu Marja. He failed to find definite caste patterns. He has not, however, considered differences in frequencies of use of the two variants. Sastry (1993) found that the /)/ in standard Telugu co-varied with caste, geographical region, and formality of the situation (pp: 80-1). The feature occurred most frequently in the educated and uneducated speech of all the prestigious upper caste groups (including the upper caste non- Brahmins) of coastal Andhra Pradesh, the region from which the standard dialect of Telugu originates. The Pune data presents a contrasting case. While the Marathas (or the high caste non-Brahmins) persist in the use of the non-standard [n], it is the Backward caste (who traditionally had a low caste status) who are leading the shift towards the standard [)]. Later in this paper I shall argue that these are the linguistic ramifications of the complex social history of the Marathi region. 4.2 Aspiration_Medial_Final 11,700 linguistic tokens transcribed for 114 children were used in the statistical analysis. As in the case of (N), the effect of caste on the retention of aspiration of stops in word medial and final positions was found to be predominant (F-ratio 6.47 and p-value < 0.001). Once again the three non- Brahmin groups scored lower than the Brahmins. Further, among the non- 110
SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION AND CHANGE IN URBAN INDIA Brahmins, the Backward caste scores approximated the Brahmin scores most closely while the difference between the Scheduled caste and Maratha scores was not very large. Table 4: Analysis of parameter estimates for ‘caste’ Parameter Estimate Scheduled -0.57 Backward -0.21 Maratha -0.60 Brahmin 0.00 Class, when treated independently, did not yield any significant variation, but a highly significant interaction effect emerged for caste and class (F-ratio = 11.25 and p-value < 0.001). Table 5: Aspi_M_F by caste and social class Working class Middle class Scheduled 26.7 30.8 Backward 28.7 47.3 Maratha 24.8 31.2 Brahmin 46.1 46.2 Figure 4 displays graphically the effect of class across the four caste groups. 111
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
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K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
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K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
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P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
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P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
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P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
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P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
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P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
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P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
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P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
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P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
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R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
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R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
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R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
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R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
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Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
Page 126 and 127: S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
Page 128 and 129: J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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