Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longitudinal data used in the study a Osama SN Total Utterances C&I Utterances SL Age Number MLU Number MLU 1 45m 2;0.17 301 1.37 298 1.37 2 45m 2;1.1 317 1.65 305 1.65 3 45m 2;1.14 325 1.67 314 1.69 4 45m 2;1,.8 271 1.63 266 1.65 5 45m 2;2.15 263 1.78 259 1.78 6 45m 2;3.11 315 1.95 306 1.94 7 45m 2;4.1 301 1.95 292 1.94 8 45m 2:4.10 274 2.0 261 1.96 9 45m 2;4.21 258 2.14 251 2.14 10 45m 2;5.8 332 1.88 324 1.90 11 45m 2;5.20 383 2.12 368 2.10 12 45m 2;6.7 390 2.24 381 2.22 a SN=session number; SL=session time length; Total=total number of utterances; MLU=mean length of utterances; C&I=complete and intelligible. particular reason. In sample 10 the number of total utterances rose to three hundred (332) and kept on that level till the end of the study period. 4.1 Tense and Agreement The following tables present Sara and Osama’s implementation of the grammatical inflection in both present and past tense in comparison with the incorrect use in the form of substitution errors. 10
EMERGENCE OF TENSE AND AGREEMENT Table 5 Present tense correct and incorrect use a Sara Osama Inflection Correct Incorrect Correct Incorrect 93 16 103 9 1S 85% 15% 92% 8% 3 3 1P 100% 100% 1 8 2F 11% 89% 3M 3F 3P Total s= singular; p= plural. 62 15 25 12 1 3 17 10 4 8 84% 94% 89% 199 83% 16% 6% 11% 40 17% 68% 100% 100% 137 89% 32% 17 11% 1= 1 st person; 2= 2 nd person; 3=3 rd person; ma= masculine; f= feminine; As for the present tense paradigm, the data shows not only that the two children realized the 1 st singular and 3 rd masculine (93 and 103 respectively) most, but also that they erred in these two (16 and 9 respectively) most as well. Children tend to substitute the 1 st singular for other grammatical inflections such as 2 nd masculine, 3 rd masculine, 3 rd feminine and 3 rd plural only in present tense. Moreover, the above table shows that Sara erred in several suffixes, such as 2 nd feminine, 3 rd feminine and 3 rd plural present tense inflections, contrary to the other children. In samples 2, 4, 10 and 12 she used the 2 nd feminine instead of the 1 st singular and in all situations she was influenced by the investigator’s use of the 2 nd feminine immediately previous to her own utterance, one example is presented in (1).(f= feminine; imp= imperative; 2= 2 nd person; pr= present) (1) Investigator: ge!d- ai Sara ba!deen te- tii"-iin! sit- fimp Sara then 2f.pr- fall- 2f.pr “sit Sara otherwise you will fall down”. Sara: *tii"- iin fall- 2f.pr “you will fall”. 11
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Page 6 and 7: K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
Page 8 and 9: K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
Page 10 and 11: K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13: K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 16 and 17: K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19: K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21: K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 22 and 23: K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
Page 24 and 25: K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27: K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 28 and 29: K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
Page 30 and 31: P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33: P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39: P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41: P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43: P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
Page 44 and 45: P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
Page 46 and 47: P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 48 and 49: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
Page 50 and 51: P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55: R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57: R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59: R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61: R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
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R. INGHAM representations but also
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R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS far soone
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS outside l
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS 3. Intern
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS • Varia
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Despite s
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS naturalne
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS apparent
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary f
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 2 T
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
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S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
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S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
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S. KULKARNI The main study includes
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S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
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S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
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S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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