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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen (1987). Markedness and salience in second-language acquisition. Language Learning 37:385-407. Chapman, Carol (1995). Perceptual salience and analogical change: evidence from vowel lengthening in modern Swiss German dialects. Journal of Linguistics 31:1-13. Cheshire, Jenny (1987). Syntactic variation, the linguistic variable, and sociolinguistic theory. Linguistics 25: 257-282. Cheshire, Jenny (1996). Syntactic variation and the concept of prominence. In Klemola, Juhani, Kytö, M. & Rissanen, M. (eds.) Speech past and present: studies in English dialectology in memory of Ossi Ihalainen. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1-17. Cheshire, Jenny (1999). Taming the vernacular: some repercussions for the study of syntactic variation and spoken grammar. Cuadernos de Filologia Inglese 8:59-80. Cheshire, Jenny, Edwards, Viv & Whittle, Pam (1989/1993): Urban British dialect grammar: the question of dialect levelling. English World Wide 10: 185-225. Also in J. Milroy & L. Milroy (1993): Real English: The grammar of English dialects in the British Isles. London: Longman. 54-96. Cheshire, Jenny, Gillett, Ann, Kerswill, Paul & Williams, Ann (1999). The role of adolescents in dialect levelling. Ref. R000236180. Final report submitted to Economic and Social Research Council, June 1999. Coggle, Paul (1993). Do you speak Estuary? London: Bloomsbury. Dankovičová, J., Gurd, J. M., Marshall, J. C., Coleman, M. K. C., Stuart-Smith, Jane, Coleman, John & Slater, A. (1999). Aspects of non-native pronunciation in a case of altered accent following stroke (Foreign Accent Syndrome). Foulkes, Paul, & Docherty, Gerard (2000). Another chapter in the story of /r/: ‘labiodental’ variants in British English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4:30-59. Hinskens, Frans (1996). Dialect levelling in Limburg. Structural and sociolinguistic aspects. Tübingen: Niemeyer. Jones, Mari, Esch, Edith & Lam, Agnes (eds.) (forthcoming) Contact-induced language change. An examination of internal, external and non-linguistic factors. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Kerswill, Paul (1985). A sociophonetic study of connected speech processes in Cambridge English: an outline and some results. Cambridge Papers in Phonetics and Experimental Linguistics 4, Dept. of Linguistics, University of Cambridge. Kerswill, Paul (1994). Dialects converging: rural speech in urban Norway. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kerswill, Paul (forthcoming). Koineization and accommodation. In J. K. Chambers & Peter Trudgill (eds.). A handbook of language variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell. Kerswill, Paul & Williams, Ann (1994). A new dialect in a new city: children’s and adults’ speech in Milton Keynes. Final report presented to the Economic and Social Research Council, July 1994. Kerswill, Paul & Williams, Ann (1997). Investigating social and linguistic identity in three British schools. In U.-B. Kotsinas, A.-B. Stenström & A.-M. Malin (eds.) Ungdomsspråk i Norden. Föredrag från ett forskarsymposium [Youth language in the Nordic countries. Papers from a research symposium]. Series: MINS, No. 43. 92
SALIENCE IN LANGUAGE CHANGE Stockholm: University of Stockholm, Department of Nordic Languages and Literature, 159-176. Kerswill, Paul & Williams, Ann (1999). Mobility versus social class in dialect levelling: evidence from new and old towns in England. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa 8:47-57. Kerswill, Paul & Williams, Ann (2000). Creating a new town koine: children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29:65-115. Kerswill, Paul & Williams, Ann (forthcoming). Dialect recognition and speech community focusing in old and new towns in England: the effects of dialect levelling, demography and social networks. In Daniel Long & Dennis Preston (eds.) A handbook of perceptual dialectology, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Also in Clive Upton (ed.) Proceedings of the Harold Orton Conference, Leeds, 1998. McMahon, April (1994). Understanding language change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Milroy, James (1992). Linguistic variation and change. Oxford: Blackwell. Milroy, James, Milroy, Lesley & Hartley, Susan and Walshaw, David (1994). Glottal stops and Tyneside glottalization: Competing patterns of variation and change in British English. Language Variation and Change 6:327-357. Mufwene, Salikoko (1991). Pidgins, creoles, typology, and markedness. In Francis Byrne & Thom Huebner (eds.) Development and structures of creole languages. Essays in honor of Derek Bickerton. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 123-143. Mühlhäusler, Peter (1977). Pidginisation and simplification of language. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. Mühlhäusler, Peter (1980). Structural expansion and the process of creolization. In A. Valdman & A. Highfield (eds.) Theoretical orientations in creole studies, 19-55. New York: Academic Press. Nolan, Francis, Kerswill, Paul & Wright, Susan (1991). The interaction of sociophonetic features and connected speech processes. Final report submitted to the Economic and Social Research Council, ref. R000231056. Poplack, Shana (1980). Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18:581-618. Rosewarne, David (1994). Estuary English: Tomorrow’s RP?. English Today 37: 3-8. Rosner, B. S. & Pickering, Brian (1994). Vowel perception and production. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schirmunski, V. (1930). Sprachgeschichte und Siedelungsmundarten. Germanisch- Romanische Monatschrift 18: 113-22 (Part I), 171-188 (Part II). Siegel, Jeff (1985). Koines and koineization. Language in Society 14:357-378. Tagliamonte, Sali & Hudson, Rachel (1999). Be like et al. beyond America: The quotative system in British and Canadian youth. Journal of Sociolinguistics 3:147-172. Thomason, Sarah and Kaufman, Terrence (1988). Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press. Trudgill, Peter (1983). On dialect. Oxford: Blackwell. Trudgill, Peter (1986). Dialects in contact. Oxford: Blackwell. Trudgill, Peter (1994). Language contact and dialect contact in linguistic change. In Ulla- Britt Kotsinas and John Helgander (eds.) Dialektkontakt, språkkontakt och 93
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
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K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
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K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
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P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
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P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
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P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
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P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
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P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
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P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
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Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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Page 120 and 121: S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
Page 126 and 127: S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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