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R. INGHAM representations but also involve establishing some form of rule-governed knowledge. The findings in the present paper show that children whose rulebased language system is developing normally do not have a deficit in this domain, whereas those whose rule system-forming ability is impaired (on a production measure of past tense form) also have a deficit with argument structure (on a production measure of verb-specific syntactic forms). This alignment of an a-structure deficit with a past tense deficit may suggest that grammatical SLI involves the representation or processing of structural relations at the clause level, thus going beyond morphological featureblindness (Gopnik & Crago 1991), extended optional infinitive (Rice, Wexler & Cleave 1995) or impaired paradigm building (Leonard 1998), and suggesting a structural relations account such as that of van der Lely & Stollwerck (1997). However, despite this slight widening of grammar acquisition to include argument structure, my tentative conclusion is that these grammar impairments are fundamentally dissociated from lexical acquisition, contra the position taken by Bates & Goodman (1997) and others. It appears to occur in some SLI children with no receptive lexical deficit, while in others grammar acquisition seems robust enough to proceed despite a pronounced receptive lexical deficit. The research presented here in preliminary form indicates that models of acquisition which provide for a dissociation between acquisition mechanisms will be more successful in accounting for these results than models which provide a single mechanism driving both grammar acquisition and lexical acquisition. References Bates, E. & J. Goodman (1997) On the inseparability of grammar and the lexicon. Language and cognitive processes 12, 507-584. Bates, E., I. Bretherton, & L. Snyder (1988) From first words to grammar: individual differences and dissociable mechanisms. CUP. Bishop, D. (1992) The underlying nature of specific language impairment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 28, 1-8. Bishop, D. & Edmondson (1987) Language impaired 4 year-olds: distinguishing transient from persistent impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 52, 156-173. Clahsen , H., M. Rothweiler, A. Woest, & G. Marcus (1993) Regular and irregular inflection in the acquisition of German noun plurals. Cognition 45 225-255. 60
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL DEFICITS IN SLI Fletcher, P., R. Ingham, C. Schelletter & I .Sinka (submitted) Beyond morphological deficit: verb alternations in English-speaking language-impaired children. Ms. University of Hong Kong. Gopnik, M., & M. Crago (1991) Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder. Cognition 39, 1-50. Ingham, R., P. Fletcher, C. Schelletter & I. Sinka (1999) Resultative VPs and Specific Language Impairment. Language acquisition 7, 87-112. Leonard, L. (1998) Paper given at the Child Language Seminar, University of Sheffield. Leonard, L. & R. Schwartz (1985) Early linguistic development of children with specific language impairment. In: K.E. Nelson (ed.) Children’s language Vol. 5. Hillsdale: Erlbaum. Locke, J. (1994) Gradual emergence of developmental language disorders Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37, 608-616. _______ (1997) A theory of neurolinguistic development Brain and language 58, 265-326. Loeb, D. & L. Leonard (1989) Subject case marking and verb morphology in normally developing and specifically language-impaired children Journal of Speech and Hearing Research. 34, 340-346. Loeb, D., C. Pye, L. Richardson & S. Redmond (1998) Causative alternations of children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research 41, 1103-1114. Marchman, V. & E. Bates (1994) Continuity in lexical and morphological development: a test of the critical mass hypothesis. Journal of Child Language 21, 339-366. Marchman, V., B. Wulfeck & S. Ellis Weismer (1999) Morphological productivity in children with normal language and SLI: a study of the English Past Tense. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research 42, 206-219. Marcus, G., S. Pinker, M. Ullman, M. Hollander, T. Rosen, & F. Xu (1992) Overregularisation in language acquisition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 57. Pinker S. (1989) Language and cognition: the acquisition of argument structure. MIT Press. ________ (1991) Rules of language Science 253, 530-535. ________ (1998) Words and rules. Lingua 106, 219. Plunkett, K. & V. Marchman (1993) From rote learning to system building: acquiring verb morphology in children and connectionist nets. Cognition 48, 21-69. Prasada, S. & S. Pinker (1993) Generalisation of regular and irregular morphological patterns. Language and Cognitive Processes 8 1-56. Rice, M., K. Wexler & P. Cleave (1995) Specific language impairment as a period of optional infinitive. Journal of Speech & Hearing Research 38, Schelletter, C. (1990) The form and function of Noun Phrases in normal and languageimpaired children. University of Reading PhD thesis. Thal, D., S. Tobias, & D. Morrison (1991) Language and gesture in late talkers: a 1 year follow-up. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 34, 604-612. 61
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
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Page 28 and 29: K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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