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P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the ❀candidate With regard to the selection of the ❀candidate, McCarthy’s (1998) bases his proposal on the notion of harmonic evaluation, which is central in OT: “There are three main principles involved in the choice of the sympathetic candidate: (1) Harmonic Evaluation The sympathetic candidate is the most harmonic member of the subset of candidates available under (2) (among the candidates which obey the selector constraint, incurs the fewest violations of Faithfulness constraints) (2) Confinement to C (+F) Selection of the sympathetic candidate ℵ F is confined to C (+F), the subset of candidates that obey the I-O faithfulness constraint F. (3) Invisibility of Sympathy Constraints Selection of sympathetic candidates is done without reference to Sympathy Constraints” [McCarthy 98: 8]. As far as invisibility in (3) is concerned, McCarthy claims that “…the choice of ℵ F can’t depend on performance on a constraint that needs to know what ℵ F is in order to be evaluated. … It also restricts the descriptive power of the theory in an important way, and this helps to sharpen the differences between sympathy and standard rule-based serialism.” [McCarthy 98: 12]. 6.2 Status of ❀candidate and ❀constraint The ❀candidate is almost always identical to an intermediate stage of a serial derivation. Although the ❀candidate is selected in a valid fashion and according to specific conditions, the fact that another level of representation is indeed needed for the correct output to be chosen, could be used in favour of Serialism. The connection therefore between classic Serialism and ST is that the ❀candidate has the same status as the output of an intermediate stage rule in a serial derivation (apart from some cases of multiple-opacity, 34
OPACITY AND SYMPATHY THEORY which according to McCarthy 1998 differ in that the ❀candidates do not coincide with intermediate levels of serial derivations). In ST the ❀candidate acquires a special status. As a result, all candidates have to be assessed as to whether they are faithful not only to the input but also to the ❀candidate (in the manner that this is dictated by the ❀constraint). The ❀constraint acts as though it is the highest ranked (undominated) one in a ST tableau during the first step (see section 7.3) of the evaluation and thus acquires a special status, too. 6.3 Application of Sympathy Theory to CG The following tableaux show how ST applies to CG (a slightly modified version of under-application and over-application of velarisation from Malikouti-Drachman 1999, handout): Tableau 3: Under-application of velarisation /omorf-I 9 a/ Strong *Cmplx ❀IDENT- ✮MAX ONSET I-O C O (pal) ❀omor.fca * ✓ ☞omor.ca * * *rca omor.ka * * * omor.fa * * * * IDENT- I-O (pal) 9 Malikouti-Drachman takes I to be an archi-phoneme in the underlying representation. 35
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Page 6 and 7: K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
Page 8 and 9: K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
Page 10 and 11: K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13: K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 14 and 15: K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
Page 16 and 17: K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19: K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21: K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 22 and 23: K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
Page 24 and 25: K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27: K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 28 and 29: K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
Page 30 and 31: P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33: P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 40 and 41: P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43: P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
Page 44 and 45: P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
Page 46 and 47: P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 48 and 49: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
Page 50 and 51: P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55: R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57: R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59: R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61: R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
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Page 66 and 67: R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
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S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
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S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
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S. KULKARNI The main study includes
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S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
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S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
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S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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