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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguistic model’. In Language in Society 21, 1-26. Omdal, H. (1994). ‘From the Valley to the City: Language Modification and Language Attitudes’. In Sociolinguistics and Language Contact 7: pp 116-148. Pedersen, I. (1994). ‘Linguistic Variation and Composite Life Modes’. In B. Nordberg (ed.) The sociolinguistics of urbanisation: the case of the Nordic countries. Berlin: de Gruyter. Røyneland, U. (2000). ‘Methodological problems and possible solutions in a study of dialect levelling’. Paper presented at ICLaVE, Barcelona, July 2000 Trudgill, P. (1983). On Dialect. Oxford: Blackwell. Trudgill, P. (1986). Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell. 174
EARLY VERBS IN BILINGUAL ACQUISITION Early Verbs in Bilingual Acquisition: a Lexical Profiling Approach ∗ Indra Sinka 1 , Michael Garman 2 and Christina Schelletter 1 University of Hertfordshire 1 , Department of Linguistic Science 2 Abstract. We extend our investigation of early grammatical development in two bilingual children acquiring English/Latvian and English/German, by turning the focus onto the acquisition of the category of main verbs, essential for the marking of Tense/Agreement. A lexical profiling approach is used, which controls for the effect of sample length on type-token ratio analyses of spontaneous speech samples. Results show that verb development is more advanced in Latvian than in German and least in English, consistent with grammatical development; verb types seem to be related to Tense/Agreement, but verb tokens are more reflective of age; consistent with our previous findings, main verb TTR is close to wholesample TTR, reflecting a spectrum of TTR values within the class of main verbs; each of our bilingual children is developing the system of main verbs independently for each language; but each language has a verb that comes to be typical of Rank 1 - this is the ‘be’ verb; in our data it is already established as such only for the older child Sonja, in her lead language, German; the range of other verb types in the upper ranks is quite diverse; only Sonja’s English shows what may be thought of as a restricted set of typically ‘general, all-purpose’ verbs. 1. Introduction Previous analyses (Schelletter, Sinka & Garman 1999, Garman, Schelletter & Sinka 1999) have established an order of development for functional categories (FCs) in our longitudinal bilingual data on Sonja, acquiring German/English between 1;11-2;8, and Maija, acquiring Latvian/English, 1;3- 1;11: Latvian leads German, and English is the lag language for each child, consistent with the degree of morphological marking in each language. We have interpreted these results in relation to the nature of early grammatical development. We now explore possible links between the lexicon and syntax. Specifically, we ask whether the emergence of the grammatical categories of Tense/Agreement (T/A) is associated with appropriate vocabulary ∗ This research was supported by the ESRC, Grant No. R000222072. 175
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
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R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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