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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequency, have a certain immunity from conscious suppression, are integral units of larger structures, and may easily be quantified on a linear scale’ (Macaulay 1991: 4). There are two phonological scores, one achieved by means of a picture list, and the other by means of non-linguistic tasks performed with a partner. One morphological variable was also used. Although fifty lexical variables were used to arrive at a lexical score for each speaker, these cannot generally be regarded as very reliable indicators of dialect maintenance. Passive recognition of lexical items, which are perhaps used by a speaker’s grandparents, does not imply active use by that speaker. 6.4. Phonological Variables Chosen for the Experiment The following is a list of the phonological variables chosen for the experiment. The IPA will be used throughout, as the variables are often so phonetically different from SSE. 1) Initial /f-/ (also +) where SSE has /hw / in ‘wh-questions’ [fa0rza3] ‘where’s that?’ [fu0 m6k8lz a0t] ‘how much is that?’ 2) Doric /e/ ~ StdE /o/ ([8u~
SOCIAL NETWORKS IN A RURAL SETTING [n@xt] ‘night’ 5) Consonant-cluster reduction. [Ar6n] ‘ground’ [h6n8r] ‘hundred’ [hBn~hBnz] ‘hand ~ hands’ 6) [v] - deletion or - substitution. [Ai0] ‘give’ [he0] ‘have’ [ow8r] ‘over’ 7) Full rhoticity. /r/ is realised in all positions, either as [r] or [D]. The use of [E] or zero has been regarded as non-dialect. Non pre-vocalic [r] [ke0rt] ‘cart’ pre- or inter-vocalic [r] [kaFr8vaFn] ‘caravan’ (Standard Scots English [kaE8van]) 9) [6] where StdE has a small set of fossilised lexical items in [H]. [b6l], [f6l] [p6l] ‘bull’, ‘full’, ‘pull’ 10) [aF~B] where StdE has [æ] (SSE does have a lower vowel than StdE here, but the Doric vowel is even lower and more back) [haFn], [baFdL8r], [maFnM] ‘hand’, ‘badger’, ‘manny’ 149
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
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K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
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K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
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P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
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P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
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P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
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P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
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P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
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P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
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P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
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P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
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R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
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R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
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R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
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R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
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R. INGHAM representations but also
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R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS far soone
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS outside l
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS 3. Intern
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS • Varia
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Despite s
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS naturalne
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS apparent
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary f
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 2 T
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
Page 102 and 103: S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
Page 104 and 105: S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
Page 106 and 107: S. KULKARNI The main study includes
Page 108 and 109: S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
Page 110 and 111: S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
Page 112 and 113: S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
Page 114 and 115: S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
Page 116 and 117: S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
Page 118 and 119: S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
Page 120 and 121: S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
Page 122 and 123: S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
Page 126 and 127: S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
Page 128 and 129: J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
Page 130 and 131: J. MARSHALL have become more expose
Page 132 and 133: J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
Page 134 and 135: J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
Page 136 and 137: J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
Page 138 and 139: J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
Page 140 and 141: J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
Page 142 and 143: J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
Page 144 and 145: J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
Page 146 and 147: J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
Page 148 and 149: J. MARSHALL case that these people
Page 150 and 151: J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
Page 154 and 155: J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
Page 156 and 157: J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
Page 158 and 159: J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
Page 160 and 161: J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
Page 162 and 163: J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
Page 164 and 165: J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
Page 166 and 167: J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
Page 168 and 169: J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
Page 170 and 171: J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
Page 172 and 173: J. MARSHALL There is no significant
Page 174 and 175: J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
Page 176 and 177: J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
Page 178 and 179: J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
Page 180 and 181: I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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