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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Application of Cumulativity to CG Strong *Cmplx ❀SYM ✮MAX ONSET I-O C ❀omor.fca * /omorf-Ia/ ? ☞omor.ca * * *rca ? omor.ka * * omor.fa * * * IDENT I-O(pal) In the above tableau all possible candidates would be in a relation of cumulativity with the sympathetic one, as the latter does not violate any faithfulness constraints at all. The problem here has to do with the fact that no candidates are discarded in the first round. Even though omor.ca can be said to be ‘closer’ to the sympathetic one, as it violates fewer faithfulness constraints than *omor.ka, nevertheless this cannot be formally demonstrated in tableau 6, where both omor.ca and omor.ka have scored 3 non-violations of the three highest ranked constraints. Finally, cumulativity (a dynamic notion, which effectively implies time), does break parallelism again. The presence of the constraint ❀SYM implies a non-parallel process, where ❀SYM again acts as though it is the highest ranked/undominated constraint in the first step of the algorithm: Tableau 7: Application of Cumulativity to CG Demonstration of steps / stages /omorf-Ia/ Strong ONSET *Cmplx ❀SYM ✮MAX I-O C *rca ❀omor.fca 1 0 1 1 1 1 ☞omor.ca 1 1 1 0 0 1 omor.ka 1 1 1 0 1 0 omor.fa 0 1 1 0 1 0 IDENT I-O (pal) 9. Conclusions Cumulativity considerably restricts the power of the theory by decreasing the power of the sympathetic constraint (❀SYM) and its influence on the candidate set. It appears however, that this has been done 44
OPACITY AND SYMPATHY THEORY at the cost of parallelism. On the contrary, when parallelism is observed the theory becomes too powerful. Could we still then regard ST as being in accordance with the core OT postulate despite the fact that it violates a fundamental principle of it? Several critical questions could also be raised here with regard to Sympathy Theory and Learnability (regarding latent rankings of constraints or whether the learner takes into consideration and performs all rankings based on / incurred by the sympathetic candidate and not only by the optimal one, etc.). They will not, however, be discussed here but will be the subject of further research. It is generally observed that the theory gets more and more complicated, without succeeding in resolving the existing problems. Old & revised ST seems to be too perplexing or daunting for it to be convincing or psychologically plausible. Appendix Mathematical symbols ∀: for every : such that ∈: belongs to > : greater than ∃: there exists ⊆ : subset ∧: and ≠ : not equal ∑ :sum Acknowledgements I am very grateful to Prof. E.C. Fudge for contributing his guidance to this paper and for providing me with feedback, which has been incorporated in the text. Above all, I would like to thank him for all I have learnt from him over the last four years. I am also grateful to I. Triantafyllidis for his help with mathematics (and patience!) and for working out the OT algorithm for me. 45
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Page 6 and 7: K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
Page 8 and 9: K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
Page 10 and 11: K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13: K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 14 and 15: K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
Page 16 and 17: K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19: K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21: K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 22 and 23: K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
Page 24 and 25: K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27: K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 28 and 29: K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
Page 30 and 31: P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33: P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39: P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41: P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43: P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
Page 44 and 45: P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
Page 46 and 47: P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 50 and 51: P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55: R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57: R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59: R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61: R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
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Page 66 and 67: R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
Page 68 and 69: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
Page 70 and 71: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS far soone
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
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S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
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S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
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S. KULKARNI The main study includes
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S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
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S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
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S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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