Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

J. MARSHALL can choose a high level of integration into local networks and a high level of use of local vernacular features. In fact, Lesley Milroy also points to the importance of mental orientation: Both the low-status vernaculars and RP may be viewed as owing their relative stability to covert ideologies of solidarity and reciprocity (1987:185). Later linguistic studies have not always been uncritical of Milroy’s research: [ ] neither stratificational analysis nor network analysis alone is capable of answering all questions; they must be considered as two approaches to quantifying certain aspects of a complex picture which includes subjective evaluation and other (perhaps as yet unidentified) socio-cultural factors (Lippi-Green 1989: 215, emphasis mine). Lippi-Green notes of Milroy’s work in the urban neighbourhoods of Belfast that, while it provides a departure point, there is still a ‘practical and methodological gap between a study of this type and one of an isolated mountain village of 800 persons’ (p. 218). As we shall see, the Doric data supports this cautious viewpoint of social network theory for rural communities. She writes that age and sex are indicators of group alliance about which the individual has no choice, and within which he or she must function. The openness, density and multiplexity of her social networks are more about the individual as a relatively free agent. One participates in the social life of a community to the extent one wishes, but one cannot control the family or community into which one is born. Of course, one can decide whether to stay in the community and about strengthening ties with it. This viewpoint supports what has been said in this study about the freedom of choice available to individuals. People are born in a certain generation, and belong to one of the two sexes, but have a lot of say in the extent to which they build community ties and conform to community language norms. Lippi-Green finds that social network integration alone, or the interaction of integration and age and sex, cannot explain or predict linguistic behaviour, and that subjective evaluation from the perspective of the individual can clarify many of the problems of the quantitative analysis of group behaviour. She notes that previous insights into the social matrices of rural communities were constrained by the urban model, causing theoretical 140
SOCIAL NETWORKS IN A RURAL SETTING and methodological hindrances. She does not clarify what she means by ‘subjective evaluation from the perspective of the individual’, however. Perhaps asking the individual questions about his or her mental orientation to the local speech community, in order to try to see things from his or her perspective, would help a researcher to do just that. This is what has been done in the Doric Study, with surprising effectiveness. 5. Life Modes Revisited Most of the people in the Doric Study belong to (Højrup’s) life mode one or three. The question is, what are the implications of Højrup’s model for studies of language conservation and change? In its original form, it is mainly sociological. If we take the model a step further, and ask what effect these life modes may have on the mental orientation 3 of individuals to their local communities, and, by extension, on their language use, it may take on greater significance. The Danish linguist Inge Lise Pedersen has done just that. 5.1 Pedersen Pedersen’s notion of life modes is particularly useful for comparing the Danish situation with that in Scotland. Denmark has developed from a dialectal society into a relatively uniform linguistic community, viewed from the outside. Prior to industrialisation and urbanisation, the country could be divided into a number of fairly homogeneous dialect areas, each diverging greatly from the others (Pedersen 1994: 87). Today the geographically determined differences have diminished, and instead there is much linguistic variation within individual areas. Marx’s concept of class distinction and the traditional model of social stratification are both unable to account for the variation within these areas, and the connection between educational background/occupation and language use provides no clear picture either. 3 By this is meant the person’s attitude to the local group. It is a measure of how much solidarity the individual feels with his or her speech community. In the case of rural people, I will use the term ‘mental urbanisation’, taken from Pedersen (1994). A rural speaker’s relative degree of mental urbanisation will be closely related to his or her mental orientation to the local rural group, since a high degree of solidarity with the local rural group will inhibit mental urbanisation. 141
Page 1 and 2:
Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
Page 3:
Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
Page 6 and 7:
K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
Page 8 and 9:
K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
Page 10 and 11:
K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13:
K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 14 and 15:
K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
Page 16 and 17:
K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19:
K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21:
K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 22 and 23:
K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
Page 24 and 25:
K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27:
K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 28 and 29:
K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
Page 30 and 31:
P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33:
P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35:
P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37:
P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39:
P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41:
P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43:
P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
Page 44 and 45:
P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
Page 46 and 47:
P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 48 and 49:
P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
Page 50 and 51:
P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53:
R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55:
R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57:
R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59:
R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61:
R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
Page 62 and 63:
R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
Page 64 and 65:
R. INGHAM representations but also
Page 66 and 67:
R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
Page 68 and 69:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
Page 70 and 71:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS far soone
Page 72 and 73:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS outside l
Page 74 and 75:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS 3. Intern
Page 76 and 77:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS • Varia
Page 78 and 79:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Despite s
Page 80 and 81:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS naturalne
Page 82 and 83:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS apparent
Page 84 and 85:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary f
Page 86 and 87:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 2 T
Page 88 and 89:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
Page 90 and 91:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
Page 92 and 93:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
Page 94 and 95: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
Page 96 and 97: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
Page 98 and 99: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
Page 100 and 101: S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
Page 102 and 103: S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
Page 104 and 105: S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
Page 106 and 107: S. KULKARNI The main study includes
Page 108 and 109: S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
Page 110 and 111: S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
Page 112 and 113: S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
Page 114 and 115: S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
Page 116 and 117: S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
Page 118 and 119: S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
Page 120 and 121: S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
Page 122 and 123: S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
Page 126 and 127: S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
Page 128 and 129: J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
Page 130 and 131: J. MARSHALL have become more expose
Page 132 and 133: J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
Page 134 and 135: J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
Page 136 and 137: J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
Page 138 and 139: J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
Page 140 and 141: J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
Page 142 and 143: J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
Page 146 and 147: J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
Page 148 and 149: J. MARSHALL case that these people
Page 150 and 151: J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
Page 152 and 153: J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
Page 154 and 155: J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
Page 156 and 157: J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
Page 158 and 159: J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
Page 160 and 161: J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
Page 162 and 163: J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
Page 164 and 165: J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
Page 166 and 167: J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
Page 168 and 169: J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
Page 170 and 171: J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
Page 172 and 173: J. MARSHALL There is no significant
Page 174 and 175: J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
Page 176 and 177: J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
Page 178 and 179: J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
Page 180 and 181: I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
show all

Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?