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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLETTER 3.2 German-English 250-word tokens Tables 4a and 4b show the first German sample to reach the 250-word criterion is at 2;0, while Sonja’s English reaches criterion at 2;3. Shaded cells in the tables indicate gaps in sampling. In the German data, we observe that verb types and tokens increase steadily up to 2;3, after which they level off. Two peaks for tokens at 2;3 and 2;5 depress VTTR, which is otherwise in the range 0.29-0.33. TTR is within 0.05 of VTTR for half of the samples, and for the means. Table 4a. Sonja, German, 250-word samples, main verbs and whole sample TTR Age 2;0 2;1 2;2 2;3 2;4 2;5 2;6 2;7 2;8 Mean (2;3, 2;6-7) VTypes 4 7 7 11 12 12 13 13 12.33 VTokens 12 18 24 49 41 52 42 40 43.67 VTTR 0.33 0.39 0.29 0.22 0.29 0.23 0.31 0.33 0.28 TTR 0.22 0.36 0.36 0.32 0.33 0.33 0.40 0.31 0.34 Sonja’s pattern of verb types and tokens in English is consistent with her German, albeit with a slight lag. English tokens are slightly higher towards the end, with a peak at 2;6. VTTR is correspondingly lower than for German; TTR is within 0.05 of TTR for the mean, and for all samples except 2;6. Table 4b. Sonja, English, 250-word samples, main verbs and whole sample TTR Age 2;0 2;1 2;2 2;3 2;4 2;5 2;6 2;7 2;8 Mean (2;3, 2;6-7) VTypes - 9 10 11 11 10 VTokens - 34 52 45 47 43.67 VTTR - 0.26 0.19 0.24 0.23 0.23 TTR - 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.28 Finally, we should note that English verb types cumulate to just 17 types across samples 2;3 and 2;6-2;7, while German has 29 in the same samples, consistent with early development of T/A in that language. 180
EARLY VERBS IN BILINGUAL ACQUISITION 4. Results 2 - Main verbs 4.1 Internal class frequency distribution We have seen that VTTR values are in the mid-to-low range, comparable to TTR. In each case, this reflects a compromise between high and low TTR items in the class of main verbs. TTR is basically a property of individual words, and so we now look at the main verbs themselves. To illustrate, Sonja’s English sample at 2;3 shows a VTTR of 0.26. Many distinct type-token distributions could yield this result, but Table 4c shows a striking frequency gradient among the constituent verb types: Table 4c. Sonja, English, sample at 2;3: main verb types and tokens Verb types Tokens want 16 sleep 5 be 4 put 3 swim 2 do 1 look 1 sit 1 go 1 Class TTR 0.26 We can then ask what proportion of verb class tokens each verb type accounts for. This allows us to compare verb class samples of different sizes in terms of their spectra of relative token frequency; in these terms, it is clear from the data that the first four frequency ranks contain most of the variation. 4.2 Verb profiles We now ask: What verbs inhabit the higher-frequency ranks? For this we look just at the first four most frequent verbs for each sample: to the extent that there is comparability of verb selection across samples, we should find it here. See Tables 5a-b for Maija’s Latvian and English verbs. Table 5a has 16 verbs in all: these represent a quarter of all the types in the 250-word samples, but around three-quarters of the tokens. 181
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
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K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
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K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
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P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
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P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
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P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
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P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
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P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
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P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
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P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
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P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
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R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
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R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
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R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
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R. INGHAM representations but also
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R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS far soone
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
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S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
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S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
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S. KULKARNI The main study includes
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S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
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S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
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S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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