Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasais ellahja elkuwaitiyah. Kuwait: Matabie Alrisala. Omar, M. (1973). The acquisition of Egyptian Arabic as a native language. The Hague: Mouton. Ouhalla, J. (1993). Negation, focus and tense: the Arabic maa and laa. Rivisita di Linguistica, 5.2. 275-300. Owens, J. (1997). The Arabic grammatical tradition. In Hertzron, R.(ed.) The Semitic languages. London: Routledge. 46-58. Pinker, S. (1984). Language learnability and language development. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard university Press. Pizzuto, L. Caselli, M. (1992). The acquisition of Italian morphology: Implications of models of language development. Jounal of Child Language 19. 491-557. Pizzuto, L. Caselli, M. (1994). The acquisition of Italian verb morphology in a crosslinguistic perspective. In Levy, Y. (ed.) Other children, Other languages: Issues in the theory of language acquisition. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. 137-187. Radford, A. (1990). Syntactic theory and the acquisition of English syntax. Oxford: Blackwell. Rubino, R. & Pine, J. (1998). Subject-verb agreement in Brazilian Portuguese: What low error rates hide. Jouranl of Child Lnaguage 25. 35-59. The Middle East Center for Arab Studies (1965). M.E.C.A.S. Grammar of Modern Literary Arabic. Beirut: KHAYATS. Wexler, K. (1990). On Unparsed Input in the Language Acquisition. In Fraizer, L. & de Villier, J. (eds.) Language processing and language acquisition. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 105-117. 24
Opacity and Sympathy Theory Photini Coutsougera Department of Linguistic Science, The University of Reading Abstract. This paper examines Sympathy Theory, a relatively recent development of Optimality Theory, and in particular how it accounts for opacity in Cypriot Greek (a dialect of Modern Greek). Opacity remains a thorn for an output-based constraint theory such as Optimality Theory. I will discuss original Sympathy Theory (McCarthy 1998 1 ) and also revised Sympathy (McCarthy 1999) and will argue that it breaks a fundamental principle of Optimality Theory: parallelism. This paper does not intend to offer solutions as to how to account for opacity but argue that, as things are now, there are theoretical problems that need to be resolved. 1. Introduction The phonological behaviour of the high vowel i ! is of particular interest in Cypriot Greek (henceforth CG). The semivocalisation of high vowel i in a prevocalic position is not an unusual phonological process, as it takes place in a lot of languages other than Greek. However, the fortition / strengthening (and indeed a maximal one) of high vowel i to palatal c or velar k in the aforementioned position, is a particularly uncommon phenomenon. The fact that this is matched with opacity in certain examples (see data below) makes the CG case very appealing from a linguistic point of view. 2. Presentation of Data 3 a. High vowel i surfaces as palatal c or velar k in (i) postconsonantal, prevocalic position and following simplex obstruents or r: 1 Earlier versions of McCarthy (1998) have been presented in several workshops and research groups. 2 High vowel u does not semivocalise to bilabial w in Greek. 3 Some of the examples were taken from Newton (1972) and Menardos (1894).
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Page 6 and 7: K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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Page 10 and 11: K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13: K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 14 and 15: K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
Page 16 and 17: K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19: K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21: K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 22 and 23: K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
Page 24 and 25: K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27: K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 30 and 31: P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33: P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39: P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41: P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43: P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
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Page 46 and 47: P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 48 and 49: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
Page 50 and 51: P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55: R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57: R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59: R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61: R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
Page 62 and 63: R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
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Page 66 and 67: R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Despite s
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS naturalne
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS apparent
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary f
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 2 T
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
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S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
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S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
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S. KULKARNI The main study includes
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S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
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S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
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S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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