Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real time’ experiment is beyond the scope of this study, but it is believed that a study such as this can shed light on the processes involved in language change: Sociolinguistic studies have now convincingly shown that sound changes in progress can be observed, by carrying out ‘apparent time’ studies of speakers of different classes and ages within a speech community (McMahon 1994: 49). 6.10. Determining the Social Scores The entire database was worked through at least twice, with some interviews being listened to three times. A score-sheet was filled in for each section of the interview for each speaker. Some of the social scores, such as LIFMOD, NATPRI and ATTDIA were arrived at during the interviews. The answers to the questionnaire, which were graded from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’, where ticked off on score sheets during the interviews, and totalled up later. Others, such as SOCLAS and SOCNET were simply recorded on the cassettes, and added up later, while the recordings were being played back. 6.11. Determining the Linguistic Scores There are three linguistic scores for each speaker: 1. PHOVAR. This is an index score calculated from the use of dialect phonetic variables during the description of a picture list, where the interviewer was the interlocutor. It was decided to use a picture list instead of a word list. In studies where the dialect is linguistically distant from the standard, use of word lists can trigger code shifting, or at least style shifting in those speakers who do not have a fluent command of the dialect. Besides, there are different cognitive processes involved in, on the one hand, reading words, and on the other hand, saying what one sees in a picture. Reading tasks are, to the respondent, obviously linguistic tasks, and can result in careful speech styles. Describing pictures is not an overtly linguistic task, but rather a general cognitive task, albeit involving language. The focus is on successfully describing the picture, and it was found that the respondents concentrated more on the task at hand, than on their speech. Often the respondent had to be prompted and guided towards the required word, and this is why it was 156
SOCIAL NETWORKS IN A RURAL SETTING necessary for the interviewer to be the interlocutor. The picture list was designed to test whether the respondent uses the Doric or the SSE phonetic form of the variable. The Doric form resulted in a score of one, and the SSE form in a score of zero. From these scores, a composite index score, representing the eleven phonetic and morphological scores, was arrived at, as was done in Kerswill’s (1994) Bergen study. The maximum possible score here was fifty-six. The words below are the expected answers for the picture list, which has not itself been included, because of space constraints: Word-Elicitation Task: PHOVAR. 1 ruler 2 three 31 night 32 right(not left) 3 car 4 fall 33 bull 34 caravan 5 nothing 6 badger 35 cart 36 full 7 rabbit 8 ladder 37 heart 38 everything 9 lorry 10 bag 39 nobody 40 Anne 11 butterfly 12 ‘why?’ 41 eight 42 who? 13 pull 14 polar bear 43 kicked 44 cold 15 roller skate 16 horse 45 stream 46 both 17 full 18 panda 47 rolling pin 48 apple 19 Alford 20 water 49 only 50 ‘when?’ 21 butter 22 bread 51 call 52 ‘what?’ 23 old 24 ‘how much?’ 53 cat 54 hand 25 more 26 ‘which?’ 55 gutter 56 give 27 home 28 a hundred 57 over 58 eight 29 ground 30 ‘where?’ 59 told 60 this 2. SSSCOR. This is an index score for phonetic variables used during the ‘non-linguistic’ tasks, which involved a partner, such as a spouse, sibling, or friend. These included a scene description and a treasure hunt. These tasks proved very useful, as the focus is on successfully completing the task, and not on one’s speech. At every point during the task, where a Doric or an SSE form could be used, a score was allocated; one for a Doric form, and zero for an SSE form. As no two respondents gave exactly the same number of variables, the scores then had to be converted to a decimal fraction, for use in the statistical analysis. These scores are comparable, as the maxima are reasonably similar, covering a range of forty-nine to seventy-two. A respondent who used no Doric variables would have a score of zero, and another, who used Doric variables at every possible point in the non-linguistic task, would have a score of one. The aids used for elicitation appear below: 157
Page 1 and 2:
Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
Page 3:
Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
Page 6 and 7:
K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
Page 8 and 9:
K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
Page 10 and 11:
K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13:
K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 14 and 15:
K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
Page 16 and 17:
K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19:
K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21:
K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 22 and 23:
K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
Page 24 and 25:
K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27:
K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 28 and 29:
K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
Page 30 and 31:
P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33:
P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35:
P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37:
P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39:
P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41:
P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43:
P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
Page 44 and 45:
P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
Page 46 and 47:
P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 48 and 49:
P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
Page 50 and 51:
P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53:
R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55:
R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57:
R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59:
R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61:
R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
Page 62 and 63:
R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
Page 64 and 65:
R. INGHAM representations but also
Page 66 and 67:
R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
Page 68 and 69:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
Page 70 and 71:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS far soone
Page 72 and 73:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS outside l
Page 74 and 75:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS 3. Intern
Page 76 and 77:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS • Varia
Page 78 and 79:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Despite s
Page 80 and 81:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS naturalne
Page 82 and 83:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS apparent
Page 84 and 85:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary f
Page 86 and 87:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 2 T
Page 88 and 89:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
Page 90 and 91:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
Page 92 and 93:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
Page 94 and 95:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
Page 96 and 97:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
Page 98 and 99:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
Page 100 and 101:
S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
Page 102 and 103:
S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
Page 104 and 105:
S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
Page 106 and 107:
S. KULKARNI The main study includes
Page 108 and 109:
S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
Page 110 and 111: S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
Page 112 and 113: S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
Page 114 and 115: S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
Page 116 and 117: S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
Page 118 and 119: S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
Page 120 and 121: S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
Page 122 and 123: S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
Page 126 and 127: S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
Page 128 and 129: J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
Page 130 and 131: J. MARSHALL have become more expose
Page 132 and 133: J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
Page 134 and 135: J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
Page 136 and 137: J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
Page 138 and 139: J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
Page 140 and 141: J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
Page 142 and 143: J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
Page 144 and 145: J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
Page 146 and 147: J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
Page 148 and 149: J. MARSHALL case that these people
Page 150 and 151: J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
Page 152 and 153: J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
Page 154 and 155: J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
Page 156 and 157: J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
Page 158 and 159: J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
Page 162 and 163: J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
Page 164 and 165: J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
Page 166 and 167: J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
Page 168 and 169: J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
Page 170 and 171: J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
Page 172 and 173: J. MARSHALL There is no significant
Page 174 and 175: J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
Page 176 and 177: J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
Page 178 and 179: J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
Page 180 and 181: I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
show all

Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?