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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Retroflexion as an Act of Identity in Telugu Speech in Osmania Papers in Linguistics, 19. 71-83. Shapiro, M. and H. Schiffman. (1981). Language and Society in South Asia. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Singh, A. (1979). ‘Linguistic Interaction and Social Differentiation in a Punjab Village’ in Indian Linguistics, vol. 40. 294-300. Southworth, F. and C. Daswani. (1974). Foundations of Linguistics. New York: The Free Press. Srinivas, M.N. (1966). Social Change in Modern India. University of California Press: Berkeley, LA. _______ (1993). ‘Varna and Caste’. In Gupta (ed.). 28-34. Trudgill, P. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: CUP. Tyler, S. (1964). ‘Koya Kinship: The Relation Between Rules and Behaviour’. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University. Cited in M. Shapiro et al. Wolfram, W. (1969). A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Centre for Applied Linguistics. 122
SOCIAL NETWORKS IN A RURAL SETTING Testing Social Network Theory in a Rural Setting Jonathan Marshall Department of Linguistic Science, The University of Reading Abstract. In this paper, we present a study of language change in process in a Scots farming community. The study was designed to help us understand the social ‘mechanisms’ and motivations involved in allowing language change to occur. Established theories, such as Social Network Theory, are tested alongside newer ones, such as Pedersen’s (1991) adaptation of Højrup’s (1983b) theory of Life Modes, in which she sees the degree of mental urbanisation as an important predictor of rural people’s acquisition of urban speech norms. 1. Introduction The subject of language change, and the social mechanisms involved, has prompted much interest in language or dialect loss and shift. Researchers have shown renewed interest in non-standard varieties and the changes occurring in them. This has given important linguistic insights into the types of area, social network, and social group in which language changes originate and how diffusion occurs. Some studies of attitudes have tested for correlations between attitudes and social (including linguistic) behaviour, but the relationship between the two has not always been clear-cut. Some view the individual as a semi-passive follower of norms which exist in the social network in which he or she is ‘embedded’, while others see the individual as the agent, one who acts with intent, and has the power of choice when it comes to behaviour. The present study has taken what has been learnt in both urban and rural sociolinguistic studies, and used it to test Social Network Theory and some other sociolinguistic theories which have emerged in recent years. In addition, the influence of certain other social factors, such as social class, attitude to the dialect, and national pride are assessed. 123
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
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K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
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K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
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P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
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P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
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P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
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P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
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P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
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P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
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R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
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R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
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R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
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R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
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Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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