Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

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R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. Stollwerck (1997) Binding theory and specifically language impaired children. Cognition 62, 245-290. 62
SALIENCE IN LANGUAGE CHANGE ‘Salience’ as an explanatory factor in language change: evidence from dialect levelling in urban England 1 Paul Kerswill and Ann Williams Department of Linguistic Science, The University of Reading Abstract. The article considers the notion of salience as applied in the explanation of language change through dialect contact, focusing particularly on Trudgill’s 1986 exploration of the idea. The article opens with a discussion of six studies which have explicitly used ‘salience’ in an explanatory capacity. This leads to the conclusion that the factors involved in salience are many and varied. There follows a critique of Trudgill’s salience model; while problems (mainly to do with circularity) are identified, Trudgill’s model is considered to be testable. Data from a study of dialect levelling in England shows that, while language-internal factors play a part, it is in the end sociodemographic and other language-external factors that account for the salience of a particular feature. Finally, a three-component model of salience is presented: first, it is suggested that salience is only relevant in the case of dynamic linguistic phenomena (those involved in acquisition or change). Second, language-internal factors are listed, and third the all-important language-external factors are given. It is suggested that there are bidirectional causal links between the second and third components. 1. Introduction: dialect contact and language change A current theme in contact linguistics is the interplay between internal, external (contact-based) and a range of non-linguistic factors in language change (see Jones et al. (eds.) forthcoming). Because of the uniqueness of every case of language change and the problem of finding controls, it is extremely difficult to predict, for a particular constellation of factors, exactly what the outcome will be. However, in assessing their role, there is a great deal to be gained by post hoc argumentation. This article explores some of these factors by appealing to a notion which seems to lie at the cusp of internal and external motivation: that of salience, which we can provisionally define rather simply as a property of a linguistic item or feature that makes it in some way perceptually and cognitively prominent. Salience is a notion of 1 We are very grateful to Peter Auer, Jenny Cheshire and Peter Trudgill for valuable comments on earlier drafts of this article. This is a version of an article which will appear under the same title in Jones et al. (eds.) (forthcoming). 63
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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Page 22 and 23: K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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Page 28 and 29: K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
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Page 50 and 51: P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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Page 56 and 57: R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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