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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realization of the past tense inflections a SN Past Type Token 1s 1p 2f 3m 3f 3p 1 6 20 9 2 9 2 5 17 12 5 3 4 11 5 1 4 1 4 5 8 7 1 5 3 3 1 1 1 6 11 19 8 1 7 3 7 5 14 10 4 8 6 9 4 1 2 2 9 5 13 7 1 3 2 10 5 17 6 10 1 11 6 14 7 1 6 12 8 18 2 1 14 1 Total 78 2 2 11 64 6 a SN= sample number; 1= 1 st person; 2f= 2 nd person; 3= 3 rd person; m= masculine; f= feminine; s= singular; p= plural. Table 13 Osama’s realization of the past tense inflections SN Past Type Token 1s 1p 2f 3m 3f 3p 1 2 2 7 7 3 2 10 7 2 1 4 5 2 3 2 1 6 2 2 2 7 2 5 1 1 1 2 8 4 13 4 7 1 1 9 3 12 2 8 2 10 4 6 6 11 5 7 1 2 4 12 4 11 3 6 2 Total 11 1 48 14 2 SN= sample number; 1= 1 st person; 2= 2 nd person; 3= 3 rd person; m= masculine; f= feminine; s= singular; p= plural. 18
EMERGENCE OF TENSE AND AGREEMENT 5. Verb Types In the previous paragraphs the focus has been mainly on the developmental order of the grammatical inflections in both tenses. It is important to examine the root types in the four children’s production since the characteristic feature of Arabic is its basis of consonantal root (cf. section 2). Table 14 illustrates the types of root structure produced by the two children during the period of investigation in both present and past tense which are separated due to the fact that each tense has its own stem form. Table 14 Types of root in the four children’s production Root Type Sara Osama Present Past Present Past CCC 18 16 13 9 CVC 9 9 8 4 CCV 5 2 5 2 CVV 1 Total 33 27 26 15 Looking at the table above, it is obvious that there is not a significant difference between the total number of root types in both tenses in Sara’s data in contrast to Osama. He used 26 verb types in the present form and only 15 in the past. This suggests that the children implemented the present tense inflections more than the past tense suffixes as discussed before (cf. section 4.1). The CCC root structure appeared more frequently in the present tense than in the past, CVC came second and the least frequent is the CCV. Sara used one type of CVV structure in the verb yaa ‘come’. Comparing the total number of root types and total number of inflected verbs as shown in Table 14 above, (type/number present: 33/199, and 26/137; and past: 27/163 and 15/76). One might interpret the low ratio as showing that children’s use of the grammatical inflection was highly productive (that is each verb was inflected with more than one inflection). However, based on further examination on the number of root types that were inflected with one inflection and those inflected with more as summarized in Table 15, one can reach a different conclusion. 19
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Page 6 and 7: K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
Page 8 and 9: K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
Page 10 and 11: K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13: K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 14 and 15: K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
Page 16 and 17: K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19: K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21: K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 24 and 25: K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27: K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 28 and 29: K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
Page 30 and 31: P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33: P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39: P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41: P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43: P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
Page 44 and 45: P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
Page 46 and 47: P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 48 and 49: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
Page 50 and 51: P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55: R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57: R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59: R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61: R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
Page 62 and 63: R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
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Page 66 and 67: R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS outside l
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS 3. Intern
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS • Varia
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Despite s
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS naturalne
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS apparent
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary f
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 2 T
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
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S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
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S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
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S. KULKARNI The main study includes
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S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
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S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
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S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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