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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLETTER Table 2. Sonja, Maija: verb forms by language, complete and intelligible utterances Sonja Maija English German English Latvian Types 33 78 37 81 Tokens: All 499 706 211 462 Marked 284 488 115 457 Tensed 200 427 54 385 We may summarise the main patterns in the data as follows: (1) German/Latvian > English for both verb types and tokens. This is not obviously attributable to differential language exposure. It may possibly be linked to the earlier development of FCs including Tense and Agreement in German/Latvian, and hence to the acquisition of relevant lexical categories; (2) Sonja > Maija for verb tokens, in the common language English. This also is not obviously attributable to differential language exposure, and may reflect the fact that Sonja is older, with consequently greater capacity for outputting language forms. Such a view is consistent with the observation that the same dominance is found in the children’s other languages, German > Latvian. (3) Latvian > German/English, in proportion of marked, and tensed verb forms; but German > English, for tensed. This order of precedence reflects the degree of morphological marking in the three languages. 2.2 Procedure Using SALT, we first established cuts of the data samples that each consisted of 250 word tokens, starting from the first word, and finishing with the nearest word to 250 that concluded an utterance. Inflected forms are treated as tokens of a single type. So are alternative realisations of words such as yes, until and because. We excluded words in mazes, but included words from incomplete or partially unintelligible utterances. We then tagged all main verbs, including those whose inflectional ending was incorrect (missing or the wrong form) but whose stem form was not in doubt. We entered all tagged verbs into a spreadsheet for calculation and display of types and tokens. 178
EARLY VERBS IN BILINGUAL ACQUISITION 3. Results 1 - General 3.1 Latvian-English 250-word tokens Tables 3a and 3b show that Maija reached the 250-word whole-sample criterion one session earlier for Latvian than for English. She also has more main verb types and tokens in Latvian than in English. This is consistent with her development of the FCs Tense/Agreement in the two languages. Maija’s Latvian verb types generally increase with age, while tokens show a fairly flat profile, 41-60, apart from the unusual sample at 1;6. VTTR, apart from 1;6, has range 0.27-0.44, with last 2 samples showing the upper end of this range; from 1;8, it is close to the value for whole-vocabulary TTR (within 0.05). Maija’s English verb types show a general increase with age, as do tokens, except for peaks at 1;8 and 1;11, causing VTTR to dip to 0.35-0.38. All but 2 samples (1;9, 1;10) show similar VTTR and TTR values (within 0.07), which is also reflected in their means. We should also note that the English verb types cumulate to just 29 between 1;6-1;11, while Latvian verb types reach 65, for the same sampling points. Table 3a. Maija, Latvian, 250-word samples, main verbs and whole sample TTR Age 1;3 1;4 1;5 1;6 1;7 1;8 1;9 1;10 1;11 Mean (1;6-1;11) VTypes - - 12 7 14 18 19 17 21 13.71 VTokens - - 41 13 52 47 60 40 50 37.43 VTTR - - 0.29 0.54 0.27 0.38 0.32 0.43 0.42 0.37 TTR - - 0.61 0.47 0.38 0.43 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.42 Table 3b. Maija, English, 250-word samples, main verbs and whole sample TTR Age 1;3 1;4 1;5 1;6 1;7 1;8 1;9 1;10 1;11 Mean (1;6-1;11) VTypes - - - 7 7 11 9 12 12 9.67 VTokens - - - 15 17 31 17 20 32 22 VTTR - - - 0.47 0.41 0.35 0.53 0.60 0.38 0.44 TTR - - - 0.50 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.40 0.33 0.41 179
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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