Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

J. MARSHALL case that these people are passive recipients of this influence. Many commuters take a job in an urban centre in order to maintain a rural lifestyle. This is when their life modes become complex and composite, even if they are still ideologically determined by the rural life mode (Pedersen 1994: 90). These people are more reliable at work and less supportive of pay disputes; they are farmers and remain so. This may be a transitional stage in which more and more of the rural life mode will be displaced by the urban one, but Pedersen suspects that it is a reasonably stable situation which can last the lifetime of the individual and even be passed on to the next generation. She believes that life modes are not specifiable to the point where one can measure them directly, but they can illuminate linguistic and other behavioural patterns within sociologically defined groups. Figure 6 is a diagram of Pedersen’s concept of the different life modes, with Højrup’s given in brackets. Pedersen’s Concept of Life Mode as a Mental Urbanisation 1) Rural Life Mode (Højrup’s LM 1) 2) Urban Life Mode 3) Composite Life Mode a) Worker Life Mode (Højrup’s LM 2) b) Career Life Mode (Højrup’s LM 3) a) Rural-dominated b)Urbandominated Figure 6. Of course, the question of whether a speaker’s composite life mode is rural- or urban-dominated is a subjective evaluation. In the Doric study, most people have either Pedersen’s life mode 1 or 3, and it is believed that it is those people with life mode 1 or 3 a) who are maintaining the dialect the most. This is strongly supported by the quantitative analysis in section 7. 144
SOCIAL NETWORKS IN A RURAL SETTING 5.5 Life Modes and Language Pedersen differentiates between urban, rural, and composite life modes (Pedersen 1994: 106). The latter can be dominated by either a rural or an urban mentality or orientation. In her study, the informants who have ruraldominated composite life modes generally have higher dialect scores than those with urban-dominated composite life modes with the same network scores. Pedersen’s data shows (at least as far as the men are concerned) that there is a connection between dialect use and life mode, or the way one views oneself, which cannot be explained by network indicators (p. 107). She posits that life mode cannot be quantified, nor analysed quantitatively as a variable, but rather sees it as a picture one can build up of an informant by using an extended interview. In this study we have designed a questionnaire, and shown that one can in fact arrive at an index score for life mode and use it effectively as an analytical tool. Pedersen concludes that linguistic standardisation is a ‘mechanical’ consequence of the transition from a rural to an urban occupation (p. 112). The degree of linguistic (mental) urbanisation can be measured through an analysis of the speaker’s network character. This, however, does not always suffice, as some variation is left unaccounted for. Some speakers choose to signal their rural ties, or life mode, by using dialect features in a handful of words, where others with the same network indicators, but urban-dominated composite life modes, do not. She is convinced that linguistic groups are not automatically the same as social groups, and that the notion of life modes, with its emphasis on both a material and an ideological aspect, can lead to a better understanding of the relationship between language and social identity (p. 113). This view is supported by the data from the Doric study. As is shown later in the data analysis section, life mode scores account for linguistic variation far better than social network indicators, even once they have both been rigorously tested using statistical methods. 145
Page 1 and 2:
Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
Page 3:
Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
Page 6 and 7:
K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
Page 8 and 9:
K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
Page 10 and 11:
K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
Page 12 and 13:
K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
Page 14 and 15:
K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
Page 16 and 17:
K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
Page 18 and 19:
K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
Page 20 and 21:
K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
Page 22 and 23:
K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
Page 24 and 25:
K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
Page 26 and 27:
K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
Page 28 and 29:
K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
Page 30 and 31:
P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
Page 32 and 33:
P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35:
P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37:
P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39:
P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41:
P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43:
P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
Page 44 and 45:
P. COUTSOUGERA ruled out as it viol
Page 46 and 47:
P. COUTSOUGERA operation McCarthy p
Page 48 and 49:
P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 6: Applicati
Page 50 and 51:
P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53:
R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55:
R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57:
R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59:
R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
Page 60 and 61:
R. INGHAM Did the [+LD] group perfo
Page 62 and 63:
R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
Page 64 and 65:
R. INGHAM representations but also
Page 66 and 67:
R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
Page 68 and 69:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS some vene
Page 70 and 71:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS far soone
Page 72 and 73:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS outside l
Page 74 and 75:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS 3. Intern
Page 76 and 77:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS • Varia
Page 78 and 79:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Despite s
Page 80 and 81:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS naturalne
Page 82 and 83:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS apparent
Page 84 and 85:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary f
Page 86 and 87:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 2 T
Page 88 and 89:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS regard it
Page 90 and 91:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS The ‘gr
Page 92 and 93:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Table 4 (
Page 94 and 95:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
Page 96 and 97:
P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Bardovi-H
Page 98 and 99: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
Page 100 and 101: S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
Page 102 and 103: S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
Page 104 and 105: S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
Page 106 and 107: S. KULKARNI The main study includes
Page 108 and 109: S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
Page 110 and 111: S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
Page 112 and 113: S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
Page 114 and 115: S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
Page 116 and 117: S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
Page 118 and 119: S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
Page 120 and 121: S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
Page 122 and 123: S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
Page 126 and 127: S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
Page 128 and 129: J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
Page 130 and 131: J. MARSHALL have become more expose
Page 132 and 133: J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
Page 134 and 135: J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
Page 136 and 137: J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
Page 138 and 139: J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
Page 140 and 141: J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
Page 142 and 143: J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
Page 144 and 145: J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
Page 146 and 147: J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
Page 150 and 151: J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
Page 152 and 153: J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
Page 154 and 155: J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
Page 156 and 157: J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
Page 158 and 159: J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
Page 160 and 161: J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
Page 162 and 163: J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
Page 164 and 165: J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
Page 166 and 167: J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
Page 168 and 169: J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
Page 170 and 171: J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
Page 172 and 173: J. MARSHALL There is no significant
Page 174 and 175: J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
Page 176 and 177: J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
Page 178 and 179: J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
Page 180 and 181: I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
show all

Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?