Reading Working Papers in Linguistics 4 (2000) - The University of ...

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P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS Summary for consonants • Consonantal features spread from the south to the north. (We can add the increasing use of labiodental [K] for /r/ in the north, following a southern innovation - see Foulkes & Docherty 2000.) The successful ones are those which (i) are natural and (ii) have low prestige • Explanations in terms of a restricted definition of salience fail (i) because of the circularity of ‘extra-strong salience’ and (ii) because the factors of phonological contrast and phonetic difference do not serve to group consonantal features in terms of their sociolinguistic behaviour • Northern identity factors mean that southern features perceived as ‘posh’ are not adopted in the north. There is less resistance to ‘posh’ features in the south • We may ultimately not be able to explain why one feature is adopted while another is not; linguistically arbitrary factors may play part Vowels In terms of vowels, the study showed no evidence at all of convergence between North and South. Instead, we see independent, relatively local developments leading in some cases to divergence, and in other cases the maintenance of very localised features (Williams & Kerswill 1999). The vowel of PRICE illustrates the difference between the regions. 80
SALIENCE IN LANGUAGE CHANGE Table 1 Percentage use of variants of /a7/ (PRICE), Reading Working Class, interview style [aLF] [MNF] [MF] [OF] [PNF] [PF] Elderly (2f, 2m) 0 12.4 47.8 21.8 1.7 15.7 Girls (n=8) 2.8 21.2 45.1 21.1 4.3 5.1 Boys (n=8) 0.6 19.1 63.7 13.7 2.7 0 Table 1 shows that, in Reading, there is a gradual loss of back-onset and central-onset diphthongs (last three columns) in favour of low-back-onset diphthongs [MF] (third column) – a levelling towards majority southern urban speech, presumably spread by diffusion through contact. In Hull and parts of the surrounding East Riding of Yorkshire, there is a striking allophonic difference between two variants of PRICE, a monophthong [aQ] before voiced consonants, as in ride, and a diphthong, typically [aF], before voiceless consonants, as in bike. Table 2 shows the distribution among the Hull subjects: the allophonic distinction is largely maintained by the younger working-class speakers, with only one girl and one boy at times using diphthongs in the ‘monophthong’ environment. Despite its localised nature, there is little convergence with the south on this vowel and, more interestingly, there is also little convergence with other northern accents, which do not have this feature. While the Reading PRICE vowel is being levelled, its Hull equivalent is maintaining a strongly localised pronunciation. 81
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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Reading Working Papers in Linguisti
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K ALJENAIE testing ground. To what
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K ALJENAIE causative form is basica
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K ALJENAIE person diagram, the two
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K ALJENAIE 3.2 Data Analysis The sa
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K ALJENAIE Table 4 Osama’s longit
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K ALJENAIE The asterisk indicates t
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K ALJENAIE which is the transitive
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K ALJENAIE confirming Hyams (1986)
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K ALJENAIE Table 12 Sara’s realiz
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K ALJENAIE Table 15 Number of Infle
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K ALJENAIE masculine forms are cons
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K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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P. COUTSOUGERA Plural Plural Singul
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P. COUTSOUGERA e.g. [peδja'] *[pe
Page 34 and 35: P. COUTSOUGERA Tableau 1: Opacity i
Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
Page 38 and 39: P. COUTSOUGERA 6.1 Selection of the
Page 40 and 41: P. COUTSOUGERA /alevr-I-a/ Tableau
Page 42 and 43: P. COUTSOUGERA different areas of t
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Page 50 and 51: P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson,
Page 52 and 53: R. INGHAM cognitive deficits. They
Page 54 and 55: R. INGHAM 2. Subjects and hypothese
Page 56 and 57: R. INGHAM good as their CA matches
Page 58 and 59: R. INGHAM 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30
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Page 62 and 63: R. INGHAM using the Wilcoxon ranked
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Page 66 and 67: R. INGHAM Van der Lely, H., & L. St
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Page 72 and 73: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS outside l
Page 74 and 75: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS 3. Intern
Page 76 and 77: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS • Varia
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Page 94 and 95: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS sociodemo
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Page 98 and 99: P. KERSWILL & A. WILLIAMS språkfö
Page 100 and 101: S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
Page 102 and 103: S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
Page 104 and 105: S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
Page 106 and 107: S. KULKARNI The main study includes
Page 108 and 109: S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
Page 110 and 111: S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
Page 112 and 113: S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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Page 116 and 117: S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
Page 118 and 119: S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
Page 120 and 121: S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
Page 122 and 123: S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
Page 124 and 125: S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
Page 126 and 127: S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
Page 128 and 129: J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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Page 132 and 133: J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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