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P. COUTSOUGERA References Anderson, S. R. (1974). The Organisation of Phonology. New York: Academic Press. Benua, L. (1995). Identity effects in morphological truncation. In J. Beckman, S. Urbanczyk & L. Walsh (eds.) Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst, MA: GLSA. 77-136. Benua, L. (1997). Transderivational Identity: Phonological Relations between Words. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. ROA-259-0498. Drachman, G. & A. Malikouti-Drachman (1996). Dissimilation in Cypriot Greek: Competing Analyses. Studies in Greek Linguistics 17. 57-71. Halmos, P. R. (1960). Naïve Set Theory. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Jansen, W. (1999). Corresponding stress patterns. Handout of paper presented to the 7 th Manchester Phonology Meeting, University of Manchester. Kager, R. (1999). Optimality Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kaisse, E. M. (1992). Can [consonantal] spread? Language 68. 313-332. Kaye, J. (1974). Opacity and recoverability in phonology. CJL 19. 134-149. Kenstowicz, M. (1997). Base-Identity and Uniform Exponence: Alternatives to Cyclicity. In J. Durand & B. Laks (eds.) Current Trends in Phonology. Paris-X and Salford: University of Salford Publications. 363-394. Kiparsky, P. (1968). Linguistic Universals and Linguistic Change. In E. Bach and R. Harms (eds.) Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 170 –210. Kiparsky, P. (1971). Historical linguistics. In W. O. Dingwall (ed.) A Survey of Linguistic Science. College Park: University of Maryland Linguistics Program. 576-642. Malikouti-Drachman, A. (1999). Opaque Interactions in Cypriot Greek. Handout of paper presented to the 4 th International Conference on Greek Linguistics. Leucosia, Cyprus, University of Cyprus. McCarthy, J. (1998). Sympathy and Phonological Opacity. Ms., Massachusetts, Amherst, MA: GSLA. McCarthy, J. (1999). Sympathy, Cumulativity and the Duke-of-York Gambit. Ms., ROA-315-0499. McCarthy, J. & A. Prince (1995). Faithfulness and Reduplicative Identity. In J. Beckman et al (eds.) UMOP 18: Papers in Optimality Theory. Amherst, MA: GSLA. Menardos, S. (1894). I Phonitiki tis Dialektou ton Simerinon Kyprion (The Phonetics of the Dialect of Contemporary Cypriots). Athina 6. 145- 173. Newton, B. (1972). Cypriot Greek: Its Phonology and Inflections. The Hague: Mouton. Prince, A. & P. Smolensky (1993). Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Ms., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Roca, I. (1997). Derivations or Constraints or Derivations and Constraints? In I. Roca (ed.) Derivations and Constraints in Phonology. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3-41. 46
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL DEFICITS IN SLI Dissociated lexical and grammatical development in children with specific language impairment Richard Ingham Department of Linguistic Science, The University of Reading 1 Abstract. Locke (1994, 1997) has claimed that grammatical problems in specific language impairment (SLI) may be due to an initial deficit in lexical acquisition. This paper investigates the grammatical ability of 20 SLI children with and without a receptive lexical deficit, and finds no association between lexical deficit and poor grammatical ability. It is also found that their level of performance on argument structure alternations is associated with a grammatical deficit but not with a lexical deficit. These findings are taken as tentative indications that single-route acquisition models associating lexis and grammar may characterise SLI less successfully than dual route models dissociating lexis and grammar. It is proposed that the concept of grammatical deficit needs to include alternating assignments of grammatical roles by lexical verbs. 1. Introduction There is a view that lexical and grammatical development are closely related. Bates, Bretherton & Snyder (1988) and Bates & Goodman (1997) have found correlations between the development of grammar (measured by syntax or by morphology) and vocabulary size, though this has been disputed by others (e.g. Marcus et al. 1992). This debate is bound up with issues of modularity in language acquisition: is grammar a modular system acquired differently from the lexicon, as argued in certain quarters, or is it acquired by a unified nonmodular acquisition device, as others contend? If the claim is that in normal development two things are closely associated, a good way to test that claim is to see what happens in non-normal populations. In such populations, dissociations may arise whereby one ability is relatively spared while the other is seriously impaired. Children with SLI constitute one such population, offering the researcher the presumed advantage of avoiding a confound with clear 1 The research reported here was partially supported by the ESRC project no. R000234135. This paper was presented at the 1999 Child Language Seminar at City University, London. 47
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Page 28 and 29: K ALJENAIE Motar, A. (1969). Khasai
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Page 36 and 37: P. COUTSOUGERA As can be seen, in r
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S. KULKARNI in the Indian caste hie
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S. KULKARNI ideologies, each emphas
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S. KULKARNI century. The Sabha was,
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S. KULKARNI The main study includes
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S. KULKARNI 4. Quantitative Analyse
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S. KULKARNI comparatively lower (in
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S. KULKARNI Table 3: Percentage use
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S. KULKARNI showing an almost compl
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S. KULKARNI 50 mean % std. score 40
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S. KULKARNI 100 mean % std. score 9
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S. KULKARNI Marathi the kin term /m
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S. KULKARNI not by the less-privile
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S. KULKARNI Bapuji, B.R. (1994).
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S. KULKARNI Sastry, J.V. (1993). Re
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J. MARSHALL 2. Change versus Resist
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J. MARSHALL have become more expose
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J. MARSHALL anthropologists. As man
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J. MARSHALL for data such as Milroy
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J. MARSHALL To some extent, [networ
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J. MARSHALL these close-knit ties a
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J. MARSHALL Life mode 1. Life modes
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J. MARSHALL There are, however, som
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J. MARSHALL can choose a high level
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J. MARSHALL Pedersen therefore, lik
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J. MARSHALL case that these people
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J. MARSHALL 6. Research Question an
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J. MARSHALL ‘are high in frequenc
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J. MARSHALL 6.5. Morphological Vari
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J. MARSHALL 4 Do you work/go to sch
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J. MARSHALL 8) I never eat brose or
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J. MARSHALL mentioned, a ‘real ti
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J. MARSHALL 3. LEXREC. This is an i
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J. MARSHALL which comes nearest to
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J. MARSHALL LIFMODLEXREC 60 50 40 L
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J. MARSHALL the different tests wer
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J. MARSHALL PHOVAR = 21.1 + 0.573 A
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J. MARSHALL There is no significant
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J. MARSHALL 7.6. SOCNET as a Predic
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J. MARSHALL SOCNET is again not sig
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J. MARSHALL integrated sociolinguis
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I. SINKA, M. GARMAN AND C. SCHELLET
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