Tsunami - Beckman Institute Laser Resource Center

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<strong>Tsunami</strong> L- 0 6 a C 3 + n 5 I- - 2L c + I\ Time - ) \ I \ ) \ n, Figure A-1: Typical output of a mode-locked laser, where L is the cavity length and c is the velocity of light. Mode Locking Techniques A variety of approaches have been used to obtain a train of mode-locked pulses from different laser systems including active mode locking, passive mode locking, additive pulse mode locking, and self mode locking. Active mode locking is by far the most common approach used to obtain short optical pulses (picosecond duration) from solid state or gas lasers. A loss modulation is applied to the laser cavity at the same frequency as the pulse repetition rate. This is equivalent to introducing an optical shutter into the laser cavity--only light that arrives at the shutter at precisely the correct time passes through and is amplified in the gain media. Since the shutter is closed at all other times, a second pulse cannot be formed. The most common active mode-locking element is an acousto-optic modulator (AOM), which is placed inside the optical cavity close to one of the end mirrors. The modulator comprises a high quality optical material (such as quartz) with two highly polished surfaces that are parallel to the direction of light propagation. Attached to one of these surfaces is a piezoelectric transducer that is driven at an rf frequency to generate an acoustic wave within the modulator (Figure A-2). Using the reflection off the opposite surface, a standing acoustic wave is generated within the modulator. This induces a time-dependent refractive index grating along an axis perpendicular to the light propagation. As the light interacts with this grating, a portion of it is both diffracted and shifted in frequency by an amount equal to the acoustic frequency. After passing through the modulator, the diffracted and undiffracted rays are reflected back through the modulator where a portion of each beam is diffracted once again. If the rf drive is at frequency U ~L, the acoustic grating generated by the -" standing wave will turn on and off at a rate of 2wmL. The value for 2amL - -
Mode Locking is chosen to be the same as the laser repetition rate C/2L. The AOM diffracts light out of the cavity only when the acoustic grating is present and, thus, functions as a time-dependent loss. In the frequency domain, this loss imparts modulation sidebands when a wave passes through the modulator (Figure A-2). In this manner, the AOM "comrnunicates" the phase between the longitudinal modes of the laser cavity. The final amplitude and frequency of the phase-locked longitudinal modes is shown in Figure A-3. '"m~ - - - -5 A - -2 / / 3 Cavity End Mirror 1-A", Acousto-optic Modulator (AOM) C/2L = 2WmL W-WmL W W+Wm~ Figure A-2: Active mode locking using an AOM. Modulation sidebands are produced when a wave passes through an amplitude modulator. - Frequency (v) <strong>Laser</strong> Repetition Rate = = 2wmL Figure A-3: Amplitude and frequency of longitudinal modes in a mode-locked laser.
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Tsunami Mode-locked Ti: sapphire La
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Table of Contents ... Preface .....
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Table of Contents . Chapter 6: Alig
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Table of Contents Chapter 10: Optio
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Table of Contents Figure 4-7: Typic
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Table of Contents Figure A-6: The f
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Warning Conventions The following w
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List of Abbreviations Used in this
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Tsunami Figure 1-1: The Tsunami Las
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Chapter 2 Laser Safety DANGER The T
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Laser Safety CA UTlON Use of contro
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1 1 1 Il I 11 I I 1 El l11111II~Ill
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Chapter 3 Laser Description General
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Laser Description growth techniques
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Laser Description - AOM OC n Fast P
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Laser Description 2.4 - 2.2 - 2.0 -
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I IIIIIN III I I 1 I 11111 i~ I I I
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I II li I I I i 1 il I 1 11 I 1 1 1
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I Laser Description . Outline Dimen
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Tsunami Input Bezel Connections The
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Tsunami Opto-Mechanical Controls Al
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Tsunami Blue Knob: Vertical Adjust
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~lpl~ f \ Tsunami Opto-Mechanical C
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Tsunami Figure 4-7: 'Qpical MONITOR
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Tsunami r @ Spectra-Physics - - 4 2
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Tsunami Laser Installation Installi
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Tsunami Setting up the Routing Mirr
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Tsunami Aligning the Tsunami Laser
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Tsunami A -----------. PHOTODIODE O
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Tsunami Removing the Purge Line fro
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Tsunami Motorized Mount "Dm-shaped
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Tsunami I I J3 3930 - - - #,-,I --J
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Tsunami CA UTION DO NOT remove or a
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Tsunami Refer to the tables at the
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Tsunami b. Move the stage by hand a
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Tsunami There will be one or two re
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Tsunami Figure 6-9: The Slit Contro
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Tsunami b. Place a white card with
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Tsunami Aligning the Photodiode PC
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Tsunami To measure pulses, use a Sp
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Tsunami pulses, adjust the coarse c
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Tsunami Selecting, Installing, and
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Tsunami Unless you are certain the
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Tsunami Prism Translation Adjust Fi
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Tsunami i. Route the GTI heater cab
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Tsunami Figure 6-18: Pr1/Pr4 prisms
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Tsunami Converting Between fs and p
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Tsunami b. Using an ir viewer, adju
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Tsunami g. Open the shutter. 15. Al
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Tsunami 10. Move Prl and Pr4 into t
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Tsunami 21. Mode lock Tsunami. Refe
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I " n 3 1 ' ! ' I . I 8 8 8 " t 8 0
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Tsunami recommend using 99.999% pur
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Tsunami Mode Locking the Laser 6. W
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Tsunami - - - 710 nrn - - 790 nrn -
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4 Tsunami Beam % 2 mm (0.08 in.) Pr
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Tsunami Table 7-1: Bi-fi Selection
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I I1 ! I : I I I ill 8 I !Il! I1I l
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Lok-to-Clock Electronics LEVEL cont
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Lok-to-Clock Electronics AOM M5f-4
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Lok-to-Clock Electronics Installing
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Page 133 and 134: P Lok-to-Clock Electronics Model 20
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Page 137 and 138: Lok-to-Clock Electronics Figure 8-9
Page 139: I I1 I l I 1 bll Lok-to-Clock Elect
Page 142 and 143: Tsunami "Clean" is a relative descr
Page 144 and 145: Tsunami Figure 9-1: Drop and Drag M
Page 146 and 147: Tsunami With the exception of pump
Page 148 and 149: Tsunami On rare occasions, the lowe
Page 150 and 151: Tsunami 8. Open the pump laser shut
Page 152 and 153: Tsunami 7. Remove the screws (4) ho
Page 154 and 155: Tsunami DryJClean Flow Adjust Nitro
Page 156 and 157: Tsunami diode such as the Model 393
Page 158 and 159: €968-PEP0 ES68-PEP0 PS68-PEP0 ES6
Page 160 and 161: Tsunami Check marks indicate which
Page 162 and 163: Tsunami Table 10-11: GTI and Bi-Pi
Page 164 and 165: Tsunami Generic Troubleshooting (No
Page 166 and 167: Tsunami Symptom: Laser will not mod
Page 168 and 169: Tsunami Symptom: Unable to mode loc
Page 170 and 171: Tsunami Symptom: Unable to mode loc
Page 172 and 173: Tsunami Symptom: Cannot see individ
Page 174 and 175: Tsunami Symptom: PZT oscillates whe
Page 177 and 178: I I ill ; I l l I I lll.l1 I I I *
Page 179 and 180: I I 111 il I iil i lllill ll I I ll
Page 181: I I il : I I I 1 I Appendix A Mode
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Page 187 and 188: Mode Locking SPM will, thus, broade
Page 189 and 190: Mode Locking The net intracavity GV
Page 191 and 192: Appendix B Pulse Width Measurement
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Page 195 and 196: Pulse Width Measurement -% GVD Comp
Page 197 and 198: I I I I I I I I ti 911 I1 I Pulse W
Page 199 and 200: I I I I I I B I IL 1 1 i 1111 I L I
Page 201 and 202: I I 0 I I 1 1 L I I Pulse Width Mea
Page 203 and 204: Appendix C Setting the Line Voltage
Page 205 and 206: Appendix D Material Safetv Data She
Page 207 and 208: Material Safety Data Sheets MATERIA
Page 209 and 210: I I I 1 r $1 I Bill II I I I I Ill
Page 211 and 212: Material Safety Data Sheets MATERIA
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