Science, Strategy and War The Strategic Theory of ... - Boekje Pienter

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Walt, Stephen M.: ‘Rigor or Rigor Mortis?, Rational Choice and Security Studies’, InternationalSecurity, Vol. 23, No 4 (Spring 1999)Walt, Stephen M.: ‘The Search for a Science of Strategy’, International Security, Summer 1987,Vol 12, no.1.Walton, C. Dale: ‘The Strategist in Context: Culture, the Development of Strategic Thought,and the Pursuit of Timeless Truth’, Comparative Strategy, 23, 2004.Warden, John, ‘The Enemy as a System’, Airpower Journal, Spring, 1995.Wass de Czege, H, and L.D. Holder: ‘The New FM 100-5’, Military Review, July 1982.Wass de Czege, H.: ‘How to Change an Army’, Military Review, November 1984.Watson, Peter: A Terrible Beauty, The People and Ideas that Shaped the Modern Mind, PhoenixPress, London, 2000.Watts, Barry: Clausewitzian Friction and Future War, Institute for National Strategic Studies,NDU, Washington D. C., McNair Paper 52, October 1996 (Revised July 2000).Watts, Barry: The Foundations of US Air Doctrine, the Problem of Friction in War, Air UniversityPress, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 1984.Weighley, Russell F.: The American Way of War, A History of United States Military Strategy andPolicy, MacMillan Publishing Co, New York 1973.Wendt, Alexander: ‘Constructing International Politics’, International Security, 20, No.1 (1995).Wendt, Alexander: ‘Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of powerpolitics’, International Organization, 46.Wendt, Alexander: Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge, 1999.Williams, Phil: ‘United States Defence Policy’, in John Baylis, et al, Contemporary Strategy,Holmes and Meier Publishers, New York, 1975.Woodmansee, John: ‘Blitzkrieg and the AirlandBattle’, Military Review, August 1984.Woodward, Jim: ‘Explanation’, in Peter Machamer and Michael Silberstein, The BlackwellGuide to the Philosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 2002.Worrall, John: ‘Philosophy of Science: Classical Debates, Standard Problems, FutureProspects’, in Peter Machamer and Michael Silberstein, The Blackwell Guide to thePhilosophy of Science, Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 2002.Wright,Quincy: The Study of International Relations, New York, 1955.Wylie, J.C.: Military Strategy: A General Theory of Power Control, Rutgers University Press, NewBrunswick, NJ.Zimm, Alan: ‘A Causal Model of Warfare’, Military Review, January-february 2001.338
CURRICULUM VITAEFrans Osinga was born on February 8 1963 in Leeuwarden, the Netherlands. He attendedsecondary education at the Christelijke Lyceum in Veenendaal. He graduated from the RoyalNetherlands Military Academy in 1986. After pilot training in the US he was posted tovarious F-16 squadrons, including a tour as instructor pilot. In 1996 he completed theAdvanced Staff Course of the Netherlands Defence College. In 1998-1999 he attended theSchool of Advanced Airpower Studies for a post-graduate course on strategy and air power,following which he became head of the Airpower Studies Department of the NetherlandsDefence College. He completed his dissertation while seconded to the Clingendael Instituteof International Relations as a senior research fellow.His publications and lectures cover a range of topics such as European defence policy,NATO’s changing ambitions, asymmetric warfare, the revolution in Military affairs, militarytransformation, analysis of operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, thetransatlantic relationship, (bio)terrorism, and modern strategic theory. His work has appearedin French, Norwegian and Dutch publications. He also appeared on Dutch national tvchannels as a military analist during the aftermath of 9/11, and during Operation EnduringFreedom and during Operation Iraqi Freedom.339
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Science, Strategy and WarThe Strate
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We are survival machines.Richard Da
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CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION............
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Introduction.......................
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1. INTRODUCTIONTo flourish and grow
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testing of the decision selected by
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momentum and tempo, which in combin
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tracing the history of war Boyd saw
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in general. Referring to Karl Poppe
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constitute an argument about strate
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2. ON STRATEGY AND STRATEGIC THEORY
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its internal make up and the dynami
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strategist’s task is not to creat
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must be holistic, paying due respec
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Such a division can also be discern
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sensibility that would be capable o
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Why strategic theorizing is difficu
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truth is independent of human belie
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policy, is policy’ 107 . Subseque
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of systems of thought which will gu
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Science and Strategic TheoryDominan
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the major intellectual currents tha
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friction, which is infused with the
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3. THE SEEDS OF A THEORY AND THE FE
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Slowly his writings matured. In 196
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This situation also reflected the d
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at the cost of airspeed depletion)
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and air power theorists are notably
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Lawrence wrote Liddell Hart that fo
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The Indirect ApproachThe foregoing
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in weakening the opponent’s will
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standing in a direct theoretical li
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perfect information, so Chapter 9 r
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According with the enemy is the ass
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preconceived battle plan depends up
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mental or moral, instead they aim t
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calculation, based on the assumptio
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Turbulent environmentThis convictio
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the introduction of the M1 Abrams t
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campaign with which it was most com
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The debates resulted via the improv
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emphasized being more responsive, a
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4. SCIENCE: BOYD’S FOUNTAINKnowle
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The list exceeds 20 pages. Indeed,
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counter-culture. He had read severa
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Popper’s Evolutionary Epistemolog
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species. Finally, theories, unlike
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discovery’ 39 . ‘We have here t
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for failure and an encouragement fo
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investigated and a change of the ru
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Paradigm shiftBeyond NewtonIn the p
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philosophical aspects, Prigogine an
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uncertainty in another “conjugate
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The link between thermodynamics and
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As Ludwig Bertalanffy noted, the gr
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assessing deviation from coursecoun
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the system by the environment or ot
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A slightly more complex model from
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implementation of the right program
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The model below shows this process
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The process of learning, and the pr
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Positive indicatorsNegative indicat
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In Patterns of Conflict he also emp
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progressed and developed a new lang
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advances in knowledge, adaptation,
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TraditionalReductionismLinear causa
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exist only because they are open. T
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Concentration of chemical ANew stab
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It preserves the web-like pattern o
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Orientation shapes the character of
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either. The edge of chaos is where
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The final region is the boundary be
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Levels of adaptationThis naturally
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Operate inside adversary’s OODA l
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Organisms which are internally cons
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The last mentioned feature implies
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mathematics, in short chaos and com
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Such efforts have lead to suggestio
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processes are maintained simultaneo
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Boyd’s views on command and contr
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Several of these ideas surface in B
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problems they seek to comprehend or
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ehavior in reaction to what the oth
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sciences, which he termed a new int
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egulations, orders, and other means
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as focus for military planning on t
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A Discourse and the scientific Zeit
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Sharpening our mental capabilities
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perceive it’ 184 . By trying to c
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Ensure a large variety of conceptua
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The main intent of the effort is to
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e true. Thus tested and refined, it
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particulars or we can start with th
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inconsistencies may emerge to stifl
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although not exact1y -- since the u
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eality 29 . As indicated earlier, t
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He then incorporates a section of t
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Attack enemy’s plans as best poli
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planning process which included var
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Boyd does not find fault with these
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oth methods the same processes seem
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strategic planning in light of the
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gauged all the conditions indicated
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Blitzkrieg disrupts the connections
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- a medium to realize superior inte
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Only the fourth condition relates t
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Shape and exploit crises environmen
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penetrate an adversary to subvert,
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Maneuver Conflict - as practices by
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In light of his previous observatio
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difficult) subordinates that accept
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This then leads to the second wrap-
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mask one’s own system against any
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dimension on the behavior of a stra
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Theme for Disintegration and Collap
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Strategic AimDiminish adversary’s
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ApplicationRevisiting Sun Tzu, rein
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The general underlying idea of Coun
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to victory by connecting them to th
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destruction and creation to his inv
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Boyd’s inspiration also came in p
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The Big O: Orientation.The ensuing
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implicit cross-referencing process
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Magnify adversary’s friction and
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This differs from traditional views
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patterns that produced success in m
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General SurveyIn this section his i
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city, however, the situation is qui
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“Destruction and Creation”, by
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So Boyd discerns within the adversa
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On isolation and interactionPhysica
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The Art of Success:Shape or influen
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The meaning of strategy and the art
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however is not much different, but
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Examples from EngineeringSome Outst
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words, in order to gain a richer im
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what applies to science and enginee
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technology, is connected to the gam
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The real OODA loop270
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This relates the OODA loop clearly
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for a process of learning, of evolv
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thing any system is constantly faci
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communication and explicit directio
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8. CONCLUSIONThe history of science
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found himself in. To Sun Tzu Boyd a
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strategy. He elaborates on several
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ehavior, demonstrating the value of
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Page 304 and 305: The reflexive nature of modern soci
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Page 310 and 311: all point at the changes the techno
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Page 316 and 317: This will affect war and warfare:
Page 318 and 319: Athena’s Camp. They see swarming
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Page 324 and 325: schemas. Gell-Mann developed the id
Page 326 and 327: extent in the novel approach for th
Page 328 and 329: ANNEX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PATTERNS O
Page 330 and 331: LeBoeuf, Michael, “GMP, The Great
Page 332 and 333: Wolf, Eric R., “Peasant Wars of t
Page 334 and 335: Bartolomasi, Paolo: ‘The Realitie
Page 336 and 337: Cohen, William S.: Report of the Qu
Page 338 and 339: Fukuyama, Francis: The Great Disrup
Page 340 and 341: Hughes, Daniel: ‘Abuses of German
Page 342 and 343: Lewin, Roger, and Birute Regine:
Page 344 and 345: Murdock, Paul, ‘Principles of War
Page 346 and 347: Rosenau, James, N.: ‘Many Damn Th
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