Science, Strategy and War The Strategic Theory of ... - Boekje Pienter

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Polanyi and the tacit dimension .......................................................................................................85Paradigms and revolutions...............................................................................................................90PARADIGM SHIFT............................................................................................................................94Beyond Newton...............................................................................................................................94The end of certainty .........................................................................................................................96THE EMERGING SYSTEMS VIEW OF THE WORLD....................................................................100Wholes, not parts ..........................................................................................................................100Cybernetics....................................................................................................................................103General Systems Theory ................................................................................................................105SYSTEMS EVERYWHERE...............................................................................................................106The structure of the brain ..............................................................................................................106The cognitive revolution..................................................................................................................108Creativity......................................................................................................................................112BOYD AND THE FIRST STAGE OF THE PARADIGM SHIFT ......................................................116A new view ...................................................................................................................................116Boyd and the systems view of life ....................................................................................................117Strategy, creativity, doctrines and mental modules...........................................................................118Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................1195. COMPLETING THE SHIFT ...............................................................................121RIDING THE WAVE.......................................................................................................................121TOWARDS CHAOS THEORY ........................................................................................................124Dissipative structures.....................................................................................................................124The non-linearity of nature ............................................................................................................126Phase space, stable basins and forks in the road.............................................................................127From chemistry to life: autopoiesis..................................................................................................129Autopoiesis and cognition ..............................................................................................................131BEYOND OPEN EN CHAOTIC SYSTEMS: COMPLEXITY THEORY...........................................133Complex Adaptive Systems...........................................................................................................133Emergent order and self-organization.............................................................................................135Schemata ......................................................................................................................................136Levels of adaptation ......................................................................................................................138Eco-systems and fitness landscapes.................................................................................................140Perpetual novelty ...........................................................................................................................142CHAOS EVERYWHERE..................................................................................................................145Early expectations.........................................................................................................................145Non-linearity, Chaos and organizational life .................................................................................147Managing complex organizations...................................................................................................151NON-LINEARITY, CHAOS, AND WAR.........................................................................................154The non-linearity of the social world...............................................................................................154The non-linear nature of war .........................................................................................................158A DISCOURSE AND THE SCIENTIFIC ZEITGEIST.....................................................................166Science, strategic theory and thinking strategically...........................................................................166Boyd’s metaphors...........................................................................................................................169Conceptualizing military strategies of Complex Adaptive Systems..................................................171Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................1726. CORE ARGUMENTS........................................................................................... 173A DISCOURSE IN PROSE ..............................................................................................................173viii
Introduction...................................................................................................................................173Structure .......................................................................................................................................174BOYD’S ‘ABSTRACT’ OF A DISCOURSE .....................................................................................175DESTRUCTION AND CREATION.................................................................................................175Introduction...................................................................................................................................175‘Abstract’......................................................................................................................................176Goal .............................................................................................................................................176Environment.................................................................................................................................177Need for decisions..........................................................................................................................177Creating Concepts .........................................................................................................................177Suspicion.......................................................................................................................................179Incompleteness and consistency .......................................................................................................180Indeterminacy and Uncertainty ......................................................................................................181Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics..........................................................................182Destruction and Creation ..............................................................................................................182PATTERNS OF CONFLICT ............................................................................................................184Introduction...................................................................................................................................184Mission.........................................................................................................................................185Historical Snapshots .....................................................................................................................187The Blitzkrieg Concept .................................................................................................................198The Modern Guerrilla Campaign..................................................................................................204The nucleus of victory: the themes of Blitzkrieg and guerrilla warfare..............................................207Categories of Conflict.....................................................................................................................209Synthesis: pattern for successful operations......................................................................................216Theme for disintegration and collapse .............................................................................................221Theme for vitality and growth ........................................................................................................225Application...................................................................................................................................226Wrap Up, or coming full circle ......................................................................................................228CONCLUDING WORDS .................................................................................................................2317. EXPLORATION AND REFINEMENT............................................................. 233INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................233ORGANIC DESIGN FOR COMMAND AND CONTROL .............................................................233Introduction...................................................................................................................................233Criteria for command and control ..................................................................................................234The Big O: Orientation.................................................................................................................236Implicit communication and organizational heat-death ...................................................................237Redefining command and control....................................................................................................240THE STRATEGIC GAME OF ? AND ?...........................................................................................243Introduction...................................................................................................................................243Approach, or building snowmobiles................................................................................................245General Survey..............................................................................................................................246Condensation to Essential Elements..............................................................................................250Strategic Perspective.......................................................................................................................251On isolation and interaction ..........................................................................................................254A Moral Design for Grand Strategy .............................................................................................257The meaning of strategy and the art of success.................................................................................258REVELATION .................................................................................................................................259THE CONCEPTUAL SPIRAL..........................................................................................................259ix
Page 3 and 4: Science, Strategy and WarThe Strate
Page 5 and 6: We are survival machines.Richard Da
Page 7: CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION............
Page 11 and 12: 1. INTRODUCTIONTo flourish and grow
Page 13 and 14: testing of the decision selected by
Page 15 and 16: momentum and tempo, which in combin
Page 17 and 18: tracing the history of war Boyd saw
Page 19 and 20: in general. Referring to Karl Poppe
Page 21 and 22: constitute an argument about strate
Page 23: 2. ON STRATEGY AND STRATEGIC THEORY
Page 26 and 27: its internal make up and the dynami
Page 28 and 29: strategist’s task is not to creat
Page 30 and 31: must be holistic, paying due respec
Page 32 and 33: Such a division can also be discern
Page 34 and 35: sensibility that would be capable o
Page 36 and 37: Why strategic theorizing is difficu
Page 38 and 39: truth is independent of human belie
Page 40 and 41: policy, is policy’ 107 . Subseque
Page 42 and 43: of systems of thought which will gu
Page 44 and 45: Science and Strategic TheoryDominan
Page 46 and 47: the major intellectual currents tha
Page 48 and 49: friction, which is infused with the
Page 50 and 51: 3. THE SEEDS OF A THEORY AND THE FE
Page 52 and 53: Slowly his writings matured. In 196
Page 54 and 55: This situation also reflected the d
Page 56 and 57: at the cost of airspeed depletion)
Page 58 and 59:
and air power theorists are notably
Page 60 and 61:
Lawrence wrote Liddell Hart that fo
Page 62 and 63:
The Indirect ApproachThe foregoing
Page 64 and 65:
in weakening the opponent’s will
Page 66 and 67:
standing in a direct theoretical li
Page 68 and 69:
perfect information, so Chapter 9 r
Page 70 and 71:
According with the enemy is the ass
Page 72 and 73:
preconceived battle plan depends up
Page 74 and 75:
mental or moral, instead they aim t
Page 76 and 77:
calculation, based on the assumptio
Page 78 and 79:
Turbulent environmentThis convictio
Page 80 and 81:
the introduction of the M1 Abrams t
Page 82 and 83:
campaign with which it was most com
Page 84 and 85:
The debates resulted via the improv
Page 86 and 87:
emphasized being more responsive, a
Page 88 and 89:
4. SCIENCE: BOYD’S FOUNTAINKnowle
Page 90 and 91:
The list exceeds 20 pages. Indeed,
Page 92 and 93:
counter-culture. He had read severa
Page 94 and 95:
Popper’s Evolutionary Epistemolog
Page 96 and 97:
species. Finally, theories, unlike
Page 98 and 99:
discovery’ 39 . ‘We have here t
Page 100 and 101:
for failure and an encouragement fo
Page 102 and 103:
investigated and a change of the ru
Page 104 and 105:
Paradigm shiftBeyond NewtonIn the p
Page 106 and 107:
philosophical aspects, Prigogine an
Page 108 and 109:
uncertainty in another “conjugate
Page 110 and 111:
The link between thermodynamics and
Page 112 and 113:
As Ludwig Bertalanffy noted, the gr
Page 114 and 115:
assessing deviation from coursecoun
Page 116 and 117:
the system by the environment or ot
Page 118 and 119:
A slightly more complex model from
Page 120 and 121:
implementation of the right program
Page 122 and 123:
The model below shows this process
Page 124 and 125:
The process of learning, and the pr
Page 126 and 127:
Positive indicatorsNegative indicat
Page 128 and 129:
In Patterns of Conflict he also emp
Page 130 and 131:
progressed and developed a new lang
Page 132 and 133:
advances in knowledge, adaptation,
Page 134 and 135:
TraditionalReductionismLinear causa
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exist only because they are open. T
Page 138 and 139:
Concentration of chemical ANew stab
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It preserves the web-like pattern o
Page 142 and 143:
Orientation shapes the character of
Page 144 and 145:
either. The edge of chaos is where
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The final region is the boundary be
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Levels of adaptationThis naturally
Page 150 and 151:
Operate inside adversary’s OODA l
Page 152 and 153:
Organisms which are internally cons
Page 154 and 155:
The last mentioned feature implies
Page 156 and 157:
mathematics, in short chaos and com
Page 158 and 159:
Such efforts have lead to suggestio
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processes are maintained simultaneo
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Boyd’s views on command and contr
Page 164 and 165:
Several of these ideas surface in B
Page 166 and 167:
problems they seek to comprehend or
Page 168 and 169:
ehavior in reaction to what the oth
Page 170 and 171:
sciences, which he termed a new int
Page 172 and 173:
egulations, orders, and other means
Page 174 and 175:
as focus for military planning on t
Page 176 and 177:
A Discourse and the scientific Zeit
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Sharpening our mental capabilities
Page 180 and 181:
perceive it’ 184 . By trying to c
Page 182 and 183:
Ensure a large variety of conceptua
Page 184 and 185:
The main intent of the effort is to
Page 186 and 187:
e true. Thus tested and refined, it
Page 188 and 189:
particulars or we can start with th
Page 190 and 191:
inconsistencies may emerge to stifl
Page 192 and 193:
although not exact1y -- since the u
Page 194 and 195:
eality 29 . As indicated earlier, t
Page 196 and 197:
He then incorporates a section of t
Page 198 and 199:
Attack enemy’s plans as best poli
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planning process which included var
Page 202 and 203:
Boyd does not find fault with these
Page 204 and 205:
oth methods the same processes seem
Page 206 and 207:
strategic planning in light of the
Page 208 and 209:
gauged all the conditions indicated
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Blitzkrieg disrupts the connections
Page 212 and 213:
- a medium to realize superior inte
Page 214 and 215:
Only the fourth condition relates t
Page 216 and 217:
Shape and exploit crises environmen
Page 218 and 219:
penetrate an adversary to subvert,
Page 220 and 221:
Maneuver Conflict - as practices by
Page 222 and 223:
In light of his previous observatio
Page 224 and 225:
difficult) subordinates that accept
Page 226 and 227:
This then leads to the second wrap-
Page 228 and 229:
mask one’s own system against any
Page 230 and 231:
dimension on the behavior of a stra
Page 232 and 233:
Theme for Disintegration and Collap
Page 234 and 235:
Strategic AimDiminish adversary’s
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ApplicationRevisiting Sun Tzu, rein
Page 238 and 239:
The general underlying idea of Coun
Page 240 and 241:
to victory by connecting them to th
Page 242 and 243:
destruction and creation to his inv
Page 244 and 245:
Boyd’s inspiration also came in p
Page 246 and 247:
The Big O: Orientation.The ensuing
Page 248 and 249:
implicit cross-referencing process
Page 250 and 251:
Magnify adversary’s friction and
Page 252 and 253:
This differs from traditional views
Page 254 and 255:
patterns that produced success in m
Page 256 and 257:
General SurveyIn this section his i
Page 258 and 259:
city, however, the situation is qui
Page 260 and 261:
“Destruction and Creation”, by
Page 262 and 263:
So Boyd discerns within the adversa
Page 264 and 265:
On isolation and interactionPhysica
Page 266 and 267:
The Art of Success:Shape or influen
Page 268 and 269:
The meaning of strategy and the art
Page 270 and 271:
however is not much different, but
Page 272 and 273:
Examples from EngineeringSome Outst
Page 274 and 275:
words, in order to gain a richer im
Page 276 and 277:
what applies to science and enginee
Page 278 and 279:
technology, is connected to the gam
Page 280 and 281:
The real OODA loop270
Page 282 and 283:
This relates the OODA loop clearly
Page 284 and 285:
for a process of learning, of evolv
Page 286 and 287:
thing any system is constantly faci
Page 288 and 289:
communication and explicit directio
Page 290 and 291:
8. CONCLUSIONThe history of science
Page 292 and 293:
found himself in. To Sun Tzu Boyd a
Page 294 and 295:
strategy. He elaborates on several
Page 296 and 297:
ehavior, demonstrating the value of
Page 298 and 299:
film, sociology, geography, literar
Page 300 and 301:
That social scientific knowledge, o
Page 302 and 303:
undertakes to improve its own perfo
Page 304 and 305:
The reflexive nature of modern soci
Page 306 and 307:
the context within which the situat
Page 308 and 309:
“road maps for action”, but rat
Page 310 and 311:
all point at the changes the techno
Page 312 and 313:
central sign of post-modernity. In
Page 314 and 315:
a revolution in military affairs oc
Page 316 and 317:
This will affect war and warfare:
Page 318 and 319:
Athena’s Camp. They see swarming
Page 320 and 321:
commanders to improve their decisio
Page 322 and 323:
Military War Beyond Military War No
Page 324 and 325:
schemas. Gell-Mann developed the id
Page 326 and 327:
extent in the novel approach for th
Page 328 and 329:
ANNEX B: BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PATTERNS O
Page 330 and 331:
LeBoeuf, Michael, “GMP, The Great
Page 332 and 333:
Wolf, Eric R., “Peasant Wars of t
Page 334 and 335:
Bartolomasi, Paolo: ‘The Realitie
Page 336 and 337:
Cohen, William S.: Report of the Qu
Page 338 and 339:
Fukuyama, Francis: The Great Disrup
Page 340 and 341:
Hughes, Daniel: ‘Abuses of German
Page 342 and 343:
Lewin, Roger, and Birute Regine:
Page 344 and 345:
Murdock, Paul, ‘Principles of War
Page 346 and 347:
Rosenau, James, N.: ‘Many Damn Th
Page 348 and 349:
Walt, Stephen M.: ‘Rigor or Rigor
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