113992242-Dravidian-Settlements-in-Ceylon-and-the-Beginnings-of-the-Kingdom-of-Jaffna-By-Karthigesu-Indrapala-Complete-Phd-Thesis-University-of-London-1965

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32 reasonable to assume that the latter-day Sinhalese Vanniyas were descendants of Tamil settlers from South India and were related to the Vaiyars of the Tamil areas. The term Vanni was also used to refer to the chieftains of the Vanni ±'egiona who may or may not have been of the VRnniyJ eaata.The term vannirjno of the Clavaisa does not refer to the Vanniya settlers but only to the chieftains of the Vnniregions who were both Sinhalese and Tamil. Traditions regarding the migration of the Vaniyars from South India are preserved in the Tamil chronicles. In the Takia-kailc a-pur Tiri-k;c ala-pur K!c ar-kalveu and the a-vaipava-xnlai this migration is connected with a personage named Kua whose identity and activities have formed the subject of some amount of controversy. He is said to have invited Vanni chieftains from the mainland and entrusted them with the care of the Kvaram temple in Trincomalee and its lands. The identity of K4akka, has not been easy to establish. Recently Paranavitana identified him with a C4a-gañga prince who went to Ceylon in 1223 , presumably from the KaliAga country It cannot, however, be claimed that be has settled the problem once and for all. 1. S.Paranavitana, 'The Irya Kingdom of North Ceylon', cit., p. 179.
In the sources mentioned above Ku.aka is described as a aiva prince from the C5a country who went to Ceylon on a pilgrimage, tarried at Trincomalee and effected repairs to the ruined temple of X5!varam. TheTTakia-kai1capurarn calls him K4akk alias C.akañkai, the son of Mau-n!ti-kaa Ca The Tiri-kcala-puram refers to him - 2 as the son of Vararamateva C akn'ik of the Ca country. The K car-kalvetu agrees with this statement but does not give Vararmatva's suename as C The a-vaipavamlai follows the Takia-kailca-piiram and refers to 321 Kuakkffa's father as }au-nti-k a-cia 1au-n!ti-kaac]a is a mythical ruler reputed for his benevolence and compassion who finds a place in the legendary geneaoogy of the Cas It is hard to explain how he caine to be associated with Kuakkta. As far as we know no Ca ruler by the name of Vararmatva CakazUca or Vararniatva ever existed. The Ca descent attributed to,Kuaic.ka in the Tainil sources appear to be 1. ., Pyiram, v. 8. 2. 3. ., p. 1. yy •, p. 8. 5. Li . XV, p. 4-
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MAP SHOWING SITES c_ ( •M• . N
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2 ABSTRACT This thesis is a study o
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4 COTES Page Abstract . . Acknowled
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6 INIRODUCT ION In this work we hav
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8 on this subject is Simon Casie Ch
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10 Unlike the earlier works, Ancien
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12 begins abruptly with the reign o
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14 of the survival of earlier inhab
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16 these were all writtem after the
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18 based his work on the Vaiypal, K
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Ndav4a inscription, dated in the th
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22 determination of the nature of s
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This is especially so regarding the
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26 in culture and language, althoug
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28 to derive the forms Tja and Iam
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30 His third argument is that 'hund
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the Tamil poems cannot be identifie
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34 port is named }Iodouttou The pre
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Our sources undoubtedly indicate th
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38 evidence of the Pli chronicles s
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first century B.0 Although the Mahv
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42 It is as unreliable as the many
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44 concerning any Dravidian settlem
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form of a bounding circle or dolmen
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48 though lesser known, ports of Ku
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vicinity This means that all the ot
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52 defeated the Sinhalese ruler and
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54 influence of the Pallava school
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56 on the 1fahvasa, states that thi
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58 1na 'had the Damias expel1ed' Bu
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to the existence of minor Tamil set
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asentents These aiva ruins of Anurd
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64 to have been an institution of t
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66 or citizens who were members of
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68 that lived in this quarter on th
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70 the term Dem4-kblla to mean 'an
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72 conferred on certain officiala o
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.74 body of indirect evidence, it m
Page 77 and 78:
76 suggest that there were Dravidia
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7r chronicle. That by the tenth cen
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80 India did not consider Ceylon as
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82 b4 with the Xi4igani of the abov
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84 CHAPTER II SL'rTLENTS IN THE PER
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86 arrive at more than what has bee
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88 struggle that went on between th
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90 That Vijayablhu did not have any
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92 large number of Tamil inscriptio
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94 as well as the pariyclrakar, the
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96 peninsula and three are in the K
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98 of a 6trong civilian population
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100 at Periyak4am. With this possib
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of certain taxes for the coat of th
Page 105 and 106:
104 ndra-ca-pi and the cakra-ptyr w
Page 107 and 108:
106 The gifts were made by several
Page 109 and 110:
108 the gift a 1_' by a certain Ara
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110 of the year 1067, mentions a pe
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112 a-ma4alam, to the temple of Kut
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114 set up by officials do not nece
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About ten Siva Dv1es, five Viu temp
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at Nalla-t ai-iakkam, Buddhannehe l
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120 of the tenth century was built
Page 123 and 124:
122 supports him by stating that 't
Page 125 and 126:
124 are known from the Ca inscripti
Page 127 and 128:
126 Pli Pulattbinagara), Koiy'rain1
Page 129 and 130:
128 They reveal the presence of Tam
Page 131 and 132:
130 in provisionally marking those
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132 to temples for the performance
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Ceylon This period, therefore, sees
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136 to them or to their associate b
Page 139 and 140:
138 therefore, date back to about t
Page 141 and 142:
140 on the interpretations of the t
Page 143 and 144:
142 There was also a community of B
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144 to suggest that there was any k
Page 147 and 148:
146 The AifffhIruvar were primarily
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145 that all these bodies were orga
Page 151 and 152:
150 suggest the nature of the work
Page 153 and 154:
152 between the Valafljiyar and the
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the 1a1r,rattir as one of their lea
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153 three lines of this inscription
Page 159 and 160:
158 local and a foreign group. But
Page 161 and 162:
160 to in the V 1kala and VihirhThn
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As pointed out earlier, the period
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164 e) Tiru-ciila-aikkrar (Taniil t
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166 been a aikkra (Pii V.akkr& may
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168 Among the other sections of the
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170 inscription, an official who ha
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172 status and was used for individ
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the Ker4a and ica4ia mercenaries in
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1(0 three wings, we are unable at p
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178 army is said to have been 2, 11
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180 of the southern Maavars' In Cey
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182 general of Parkramabhu I who co
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184 year of a ParkramabThu, who is
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186 South Indian artisans found emp
Page 189 and 190:
188 of South India, especially in t
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190 have been a Blow and unnoticed
Page 193 and 194:
192 Even these minor movements of p
Page 195 and 196:
194 evidence of the epigraphs help
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196 from ruined Buddhist buildings
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The evidence relating to this perio
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200 inscription we find that the Vi
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that we get the earliest occurrence
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204 where this inscription is found
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206 around the twelfth century the
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208 consecration name of Ciica..ka-
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210 ut from its occurrences in the
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It is not probable that all these w
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214 We also learn that the site of
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216 communities were Tamils, for it
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218 te pie, have been definitely id
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in the area which point in the same
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settlements here in the period of C
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224 About a mile away from Kanadarv
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22 at Polonnaruva As a result we ar
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228 Nakarattr were probably of Kann
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23 wars against the Cas and had the
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232 were Tamils. Presumably this pa
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234 not established in the Battical
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23U CHAPTER IV STTLEHENTS IN THE TH
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The first important feature of this
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240 called Sasa vata, composed in t
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242 record, the general Iti repelle
Page 245 and 246:
244 The conquest of northern Ceylon
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The CUavaida account of the invasio
Page 249 and 250:
Almost inimediatel after the stroph
Page 251 and 252:
250 when the author of the Clavaisa
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established himself at Polonnaruva,
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254 there is no gainsaying the fact
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importance of the foreign invasions
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258 and that the majority of the Si
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260 were among the more iportant re
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262 In Paranavitana's opinion, 'all
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264 One could suppose that the nume
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It may be recollected that several
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268 Jaffna peninsula does not help
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It is not possible to identify the
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1 establishment in the region in ea
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274 anywhere. This poses a serious
Page 277 and 278: 27 who were responsible for giving
Page 279 and 280: worthy of note in this respect: 278
Page 281 and 282: 280 etymology The account of the se
Page 283 and 284: and tenth century some villages in
Page 285 and 286: materials for the erection of lasti
Page 287 and 288: 28G much depreciated as a result of
Page 289 and 290: 288 etymology which attempts to exp
Page 291 and 292: 290 earlier traditions from the lat
Page 293 and 294: 9Q9 Those who went to the island in
Page 295 and 296: The accounts in the Vaiy!pal and th
Page 297 and 298: 29 The Naavaryar (variant: Mauvarya
Page 299 and 300: 29 that all these castes were repre
Page 301 and 302: 300 These were evidently named afte
Page 303 and 304: from Kpakanu and Pu.ya-inakIpla-ppa
Page 305 and 306: 301 in our sources. In view of such
Page 307 and 308: 3OGo. Province, the chieftaincies o
Page 309 and 310: 307 In l9kl Geiger published an int
Page 311 and 312: 309 Arier in bewu ten Gegensatz zu
Page 313 and 314: 311 include in their enumeration. P
Page 315 and 316: 313 of warriors or tribesmen who we
Page 317 and 318: 315 of Ceylon. It is even possible
Page 319 and 320: 317 In Ceylon, the earliest work in
Page 321 and 322: 319 C!1avasa. Though at first sight
Page 323 and 324: 321 of Vannis, namely the }iaha-van
Page 325 and 326: The Vaiyars of the nineteenth centu
Page 327: 32 came into existence independentl
Page 331 and 332: (c) Co4agai a of the Trincomalee Sa
Page 333 and 334: 331 and aspired to the kingship of
Page 335 and 336: 333 enemies had led punitive raids
Page 337 and 338: 335 alias Co.agafiga whds mention i
Page 339 and 340: 337 with not only the renovation of
Page 341 and 342: 33) In the light of the evidence th
Page 343 and 344: 31 Sinhalese settlements that once
Page 345 and 346: 343 According to the Kcar-kalveu, K
Page 347 and 348: 345 Malaiyakam, T4uvai, Toaimatalam
Page 349 and 350: 347 Ppla Kttiram (Bh' la Gotra) and
Page 351 and 352: 34J Ukkiraciñka, , as it ap ears i
Page 353 and 354: 351 as Kantajy, Pakai and Carnpl!r
Page 355 and 356: 353 in the chronicles of Trincomale
Page 357 and 358: 35 va (chieftaincies) may be based
Page 359 and 360: 357 Probably Ki4akkan and possibly
Page 361 and 362: 35 settle ents of Dravidians that s
Page 363 and 364: 361 Ceylon by the Dravidians was no
Page 365 and 366: 1 . structures. A door-jamb from on
Page 367 and 368: 1 to the Tamil population, as in Ja
Page 369 and 370: 36/ Chaggxna (Skmam)finda mention i
Page 371 and 372: 369 The Ker4a origin of this caste
Page 373 and 374: meanjn mariners or boatmen As a sea
Page 375 and 376: narrated in the Vaiy and the Vaiypa
Page 377 and 378: 375 presence of Ilukkuva mercenarie
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37' the rest. Consequently we are n
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37 xniyam, the Xaliñga ruler (!gha
Page 383 and 384:
This tradition seems to refer to a
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383 year 512 (2590 .c.) and underto
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385 (Mugwiuvaavana), Villattavai (V
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with Nu&varam in order to give it a
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egion may have been forced to chang
Page 393 and 394:
391 The wi e rea occurrence of Tami
Page 395 and 396:
393 used in the inscription for 'wo
Page 397 and 398:
From the foregoing analysis it beco
Page 399 and 400:
Marumakkattyarn laws of Kera.a and
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399 CHAP!ER VI THE BEGINNINGS OF TH
Page 403 and 404:
401 part of the ia].and in the four
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aside these arguments and shown tha
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405 as well are baaed on the errone
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the account of Ku!aa in some of the
Page 411 and 412:
409 resembles in many ways the lion
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411 bhildren, a son and a daughter.
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413 and the avvaiapva-ifl!lai. In t
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and obtained the arid peninsula of
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derivation of the name and that is
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ecently, there oceurs the name Subh
Page 423 and 424:
This statement is evidently due to
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the basis of certain references in
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d2 Vra-ca1nika, (Ka1ifikar-ma - Kin
Page 429 and 430:
427 the inscription. Similarly, the
Page 431 and 432:
429 P11 chronicle deals mainly with
Page 433 and 434:
431 an island off the peninsula of
Page 435 and 436:
433 been suggested that this may be
Page 437 and 438:
435 obliged to abandon it ' This wo
Page 439 and 440:
43? This is not quite convincing. D
Page 441 and 442:
439 and driven away from the Sinhal
Page 443 and 444:
441 is meant for those who were acc
Page 445 and 446:
443 almost always in poetry, for a
Page 447 and 448:
445 The text of this inscription fr
Page 449 and 450:
447 1vaka to be accused of having b
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have been active in Ceylon in the t
Page 453 and 454:
451 inscriptions regarding the even
Page 455 and 456:
453 Paranavitana takes JAvagama to
Page 457 and 458:
455 No one would say that the latte
Page 459 and 460:
457 If, as we have suggested earlie
Page 461 and 462:
1 the T mi1 chronicles. 459 1. In h
Page 463 and 464:
,.&+ra k.'ro Nia-sagrahaya and the
Page 465 and 466:
a Ca prince named lit'iki riya, wen
Page 467 and 468:
463 The conclusion that Vicaym 1ci
Page 469 and 470:
467 denote some connection with the
Page 471 and 472:
463 nothing is known about this cit
Page 473 and 474:
471 before 1262. As we know, betwee
Page 475 and 476:
These invaders could not be ousted
Page 477 and 478:
473 given protection to the new kin
Page 479 and 480:
CHAPTER VII 477 THE BEGINNflGS OP T
Page 481 and 482:
479 The astronomical details in the
Page 483 and 484:
481 Pya I, began his rule in 115 an
Page 485 and 486:
483 Of these six inscriptions, four
Page 487 and 488:
485 Their inscriptions are not foun
Page 489 and 490:
48? produced in Jaffna, the ancesto
Page 491 and 492:
489 Ramnad who, as the ally of the
Page 493 and 494:
491 Izvaram a sect of Brhm{ns calle
Page 495 and 496:
493 the 7katTya kingdom by the Musl
Page 497 and 498:
aii2rir.ii pairuvarai varavalaittu)
Page 499 and 500:
497 very early tim.e We see, theref
Page 501 and 502:
"4- found in his workAaeema to b•
Page 503 and 504:
501 rTraAgam All these ryae of the
Page 505 and 506:
503 Te 1c!iRi tluk, in the Tinn.v.1
Page 507 and 508:
505 people from ya-nZu These settle
Page 509 and 510:
nearly ten years after the date of
Page 511 and 512:
509 attempting to seize power. Do Q
Page 513 and 514:
511 was the case, the invasion of I
Page 515 and 516:
513 to historians as the kingdom of
Page 517 and 518:
51 and !I.ppam for the kingdoms of
Page 519 and 520:
51? Ma4arial is a compound of two w
Page 521 and 522:
519 also seen that the aa of the in
Page 523 and 524:
521 Dem4a-paaji.ma (Tamil Port) was
Page 525 and 526:
Jafana-en-putalain as a variant of
Page 527 and 528:
525 the island, it was Na11Lr that
Page 529 and 530:
527 does not state whether he was a
Page 531 and 532:
529 But till very recently there wa
Page 533 and 534:
531 that CiA1t2ink,r and flpipafuna
Page 535 and 536:
533 to the use of the vT4 flag in C
Page 537 and 538:
535 which (lands) end in the River
Page 539 and 540:
537 Mracci-r4a has been identified
Page 541 and 542:
539 be subordinate territories of i
Page 543 and 544:
541 kingdom marks the cul mination
Page 545 and 546:
543 in the island in this period. T
Page 547 and 548:
545 the invasions of )!gba and the
Page 549 and 550:
541 of the thirteenth century favou
Page 551 and 552:
549 A SELT BIBLIOGRAPUT A, Tami]. I
Page 553 and 554:
551 15. PLTva1iya, ed. A.V.Suravira
Page 555 and 556:
553 IV. Modern Works (Articles on e
Page 557 and 558:
555 2k. Indrapa].a, Karthigesu 'The
Page 559 and 560:
557 k8. Paranavitana, Senarat (cont
Page 561 and 562:
559 57. Taylor, William, Catalowue
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113992242-Dravidian-Settlements-in-Ceylon-and-the-Beginnings-of-the-Kingdom-of-Jaffna-By-Karthigesu-Indrapala-Complete-Phd-Thesis-University-of-London-1965

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