- Page 1 and 2:
MAP SHOWING SITES c_ ( •M• . N
- Page 3 and 4:
2 ABSTRACT This thesis is a study o
- Page 5 and 6:
4 COTES Page Abstract . . Acknowled
- Page 7 and 8:
6 INIRODUCT ION In this work we hav
- Page 9 and 10:
8 on this subject is Simon Casie Ch
- Page 11 and 12:
10 Unlike the earlier works, Ancien
- Page 13 and 14:
12 begins abruptly with the reign o
- Page 15 and 16:
14 of the survival of earlier inhab
- Page 17 and 18:
16 these were all writtem after the
- Page 19 and 20:
18 based his work on the Vaiypal, K
- Page 21 and 22:
Ndav4a inscription, dated in the th
- Page 23 and 24:
22 determination of the nature of s
- Page 25 and 26:
This is especially so regarding the
- Page 27 and 28:
26 in culture and language, althoug
- Page 29 and 30:
28 to derive the forms Tja and Iam
- Page 31 and 32:
30 His third argument is that 'hund
- Page 33 and 34:
the Tamil poems cannot be identifie
- Page 35 and 36:
34 port is named }Iodouttou The pre
- Page 37 and 38:
Our sources undoubtedly indicate th
- Page 39 and 40:
38 evidence of the Pli chronicles s
- Page 41 and 42:
first century B.0 Although the Mahv
- Page 43 and 44:
42 It is as unreliable as the many
- Page 45 and 46:
44 concerning any Dravidian settlem
- Page 47 and 48:
form of a bounding circle or dolmen
- Page 49 and 50:
48 though lesser known, ports of Ku
- Page 51 and 52:
vicinity This means that all the ot
- Page 53 and 54:
52 defeated the Sinhalese ruler and
- Page 55 and 56:
54 influence of the Pallava school
- Page 57 and 58:
56 on the 1fahvasa, states that thi
- Page 59 and 60:
58 1na 'had the Damias expel1ed' Bu
- Page 61 and 62:
to the existence of minor Tamil set
- Page 63 and 64:
asentents These aiva ruins of Anurd
- Page 65 and 66:
64 to have been an institution of t
- Page 67 and 68:
66 or citizens who were members of
- Page 69 and 70:
68 that lived in this quarter on th
- Page 71 and 72:
70 the term Dem4-kblla to mean 'an
- Page 73 and 74:
72 conferred on certain officiala o
- Page 75 and 76:
.74 body of indirect evidence, it m
- Page 77 and 78:
76 suggest that there were Dravidia
- Page 79 and 80:
7r chronicle. That by the tenth cen
- Page 81 and 82:
80 India did not consider Ceylon as
- Page 83 and 84:
82 b4 with the Xi4igani of the abov
- Page 85 and 86:
84 CHAPTER II SL'rTLENTS IN THE PER
- Page 87 and 88:
86 arrive at more than what has bee
- Page 89 and 90:
88 struggle that went on between th
- Page 91 and 92:
90 That Vijayablhu did not have any
- Page 93 and 94:
92 large number of Tamil inscriptio
- Page 95 and 96:
94 as well as the pariyclrakar, the
- Page 97 and 98:
96 peninsula and three are in the K
- Page 99 and 100:
98 of a 6trong civilian population
- Page 101 and 102:
100 at Periyak4am. With this possib
- Page 103 and 104:
of certain taxes for the coat of th
- Page 105 and 106:
104 ndra-ca-pi and the cakra-ptyr w
- Page 107 and 108:
106 The gifts were made by several
- Page 109 and 110:
108 the gift a 1_' by a certain Ara
- Page 111 and 112:
110 of the year 1067, mentions a pe
- Page 113 and 114:
112 a-ma4alam, to the temple of Kut
- Page 115 and 116:
114 set up by officials do not nece
- Page 117 and 118:
About ten Siva Dv1es, five Viu temp
- Page 119 and 120:
at Nalla-t ai-iakkam, Buddhannehe l
- Page 121 and 122:
120 of the tenth century was built
- Page 123 and 124:
122 supports him by stating that 't
- Page 125 and 126:
124 are known from the Ca inscripti
- Page 127 and 128:
126 Pli Pulattbinagara), Koiy'rain1
- Page 129 and 130:
128 They reveal the presence of Tam
- Page 131 and 132:
130 in provisionally marking those
- Page 133 and 134:
132 to temples for the performance
- Page 135 and 136:
Ceylon This period, therefore, sees
- Page 137 and 138:
136 to them or to their associate b
- Page 139 and 140:
138 therefore, date back to about t
- Page 141 and 142:
140 on the interpretations of the t
- Page 143 and 144:
142 There was also a community of B
- Page 145 and 146:
144 to suggest that there was any k
- Page 147 and 148:
146 The AifffhIruvar were primarily
- Page 149 and 150:
145 that all these bodies were orga
- Page 151 and 152:
150 suggest the nature of the work
- Page 153 and 154:
152 between the Valafljiyar and the
- Page 155 and 156:
the 1a1r,rattir as one of their lea
- Page 157 and 158:
153 three lines of this inscription
- Page 159 and 160:
158 local and a foreign group. But
- Page 161 and 162:
160 to in the V 1kala and VihirhThn
- Page 163 and 164:
As pointed out earlier, the period
- Page 165 and 166:
164 e) Tiru-ciila-aikkrar (Taniil t
- Page 167 and 168:
166 been a aikkra (Pii V.akkr& may
- Page 169 and 170:
168 Among the other sections of the
- Page 171 and 172:
170 inscription, an official who ha
- Page 173 and 174:
172 status and was used for individ
- Page 175 and 176:
the Ker4a and ica4ia mercenaries in
- Page 177 and 178:
1(0 three wings, we are unable at p
- Page 179 and 180:
178 army is said to have been 2, 11
- Page 181 and 182:
180 of the southern Maavars' In Cey
- Page 183 and 184:
182 general of Parkramabhu I who co
- Page 185 and 186:
184 year of a ParkramabThu, who is
- Page 187 and 188:
186 South Indian artisans found emp
- Page 189 and 190:
188 of South India, especially in t
- Page 191 and 192:
190 have been a Blow and unnoticed
- Page 193 and 194:
192 Even these minor movements of p
- Page 195 and 196:
194 evidence of the epigraphs help
- Page 197 and 198:
196 from ruined Buddhist buildings
- Page 199 and 200:
The evidence relating to this perio
- Page 201 and 202:
200 inscription we find that the Vi
- Page 203 and 204:
that we get the earliest occurrence
- Page 205 and 206:
204 where this inscription is found
- Page 207 and 208:
206 around the twelfth century the
- Page 209 and 210:
208 consecration name of Ciica..ka-
- Page 211 and 212:
210 ut from its occurrences in the
- Page 213 and 214:
It is not probable that all these w
- Page 215 and 216:
214 We also learn that the site of
- Page 217 and 218:
216 communities were Tamils, for it
- Page 219 and 220:
218 te pie, have been definitely id
- Page 221 and 222:
in the area which point in the same
- Page 223 and 224:
settlements here in the period of C
- Page 225 and 226:
224 About a mile away from Kanadarv
- Page 227 and 228:
22 at Polonnaruva As a result we ar
- Page 229 and 230:
228 Nakarattr were probably of Kann
- Page 231 and 232:
23 wars against the Cas and had the
- Page 233 and 234:
232 were Tamils. Presumably this pa
- Page 235 and 236:
234 not established in the Battical
- Page 237 and 238:
23U CHAPTER IV STTLEHENTS IN THE TH
- Page 239 and 240:
The first important feature of this
- Page 241 and 242:
240 called Sasa vata, composed in t
- Page 243 and 244:
242 record, the general Iti repelle
- Page 245 and 246:
244 The conquest of northern Ceylon
- Page 247 and 248:
The CUavaida account of the invasio
- Page 249 and 250:
Almost inimediatel after the stroph
- Page 251 and 252:
250 when the author of the Clavaisa
- Page 253 and 254:
established himself at Polonnaruva,
- Page 255 and 256:
254 there is no gainsaying the fact
- Page 257 and 258:
importance of the foreign invasions
- Page 259 and 260:
258 and that the majority of the Si
- Page 261 and 262:
260 were among the more iportant re
- Page 263 and 264:
262 In Paranavitana's opinion, 'all
- Page 265 and 266:
264 One could suppose that the nume
- Page 267 and 268:
It may be recollected that several
- Page 269 and 270:
268 Jaffna peninsula does not help
- Page 271 and 272:
It is not possible to identify the
- Page 273 and 274:
1 establishment in the region in ea
- Page 275 and 276:
274 anywhere. This poses a serious
- Page 277 and 278:
27 who were responsible for giving
- Page 279 and 280:
worthy of note in this respect: 278
- Page 281 and 282:
280 etymology The account of the se
- Page 283 and 284:
and tenth century some villages in
- Page 285 and 286:
materials for the erection of lasti
- Page 287 and 288:
28G much depreciated as a result of
- Page 289 and 290:
288 etymology which attempts to exp
- Page 291 and 292:
290 earlier traditions from the lat
- Page 293 and 294:
9Q9 Those who went to the island in
- Page 295 and 296:
The accounts in the Vaiy!pal and th
- Page 297 and 298:
29 The Naavaryar (variant: Mauvarya
- Page 299 and 300:
29 that all these castes were repre
- Page 301 and 302:
300 These were evidently named afte
- Page 303 and 304:
from Kpakanu and Pu.ya-inakIpla-ppa
- Page 305 and 306:
301 in our sources. In view of such
- Page 307 and 308:
3OGo. Province, the chieftaincies o
- Page 309 and 310:
307 In l9kl Geiger published an int
- Page 311 and 312:
309 Arier in bewu ten Gegensatz zu
- Page 313 and 314:
311 include in their enumeration. P
- Page 315 and 316:
313 of warriors or tribesmen who we
- Page 317 and 318:
315 of Ceylon. It is even possible
- Page 319 and 320:
317 In Ceylon, the earliest work in
- Page 321 and 322:
319 C!1avasa. Though at first sight
- Page 323 and 324:
321 of Vannis, namely the }iaha-van
- Page 325 and 326:
The Vaiyars of the nineteenth centu
- Page 327 and 328:
32 came into existence independentl
- Page 329 and 330:
In the sources mentioned above Ku.a
- Page 331 and 332:
(c) Co4agai a of the Trincomalee Sa
- Page 333 and 334:
331 and aspired to the kingship of
- Page 335 and 336:
333 enemies had led punitive raids
- Page 337 and 338:
335 alias Co.agafiga whds mention i
- Page 339 and 340:
337 with not only the renovation of
- Page 341 and 342:
33) In the light of the evidence th
- Page 343 and 344:
31 Sinhalese settlements that once
- Page 345 and 346:
343 According to the Kcar-kalveu, K
- Page 347 and 348:
345 Malaiyakam, T4uvai, Toaimatalam
- Page 349 and 350:
347 Ppla Kttiram (Bh' la Gotra) and
- Page 351 and 352:
34J Ukkiraciñka, , as it ap ears i
- Page 353 and 354:
351 as Kantajy, Pakai and Carnpl!r
- Page 355 and 356:
353 in the chronicles of Trincomale
- Page 357 and 358:
35 va (chieftaincies) may be based
- Page 359 and 360:
357 Probably Ki4akkan and possibly
- Page 361 and 362:
35 settle ents of Dravidians that s
- Page 363 and 364:
361 Ceylon by the Dravidians was no
- Page 365 and 366:
1 . structures. A door-jamb from on
- Page 367 and 368:
1 to the Tamil population, as in Ja
- Page 369 and 370:
36/ Chaggxna (Skmam)finda mention i
- Page 371 and 372:
369 The Ker4a origin of this caste
- Page 373 and 374:
meanjn mariners or boatmen As a sea
- Page 375 and 376:
narrated in the Vaiy and the Vaiypa
- Page 377 and 378:
375 presence of Ilukkuva mercenarie
- Page 379 and 380:
37' the rest. Consequently we are n
- Page 381 and 382:
37 xniyam, the Xaliñga ruler (!gha
- Page 383 and 384: This tradition seems to refer to a
- Page 385 and 386: 383 year 512 (2590 .c.) and underto
- Page 387 and 388: 385 (Mugwiuvaavana), Villattavai (V
- Page 389 and 390: with Nu&varam in order to give it a
- Page 391 and 392: egion may have been forced to chang
- Page 393 and 394: 391 The wi e rea occurrence of Tami
- Page 395 and 396: 393 used in the inscription for 'wo
- Page 397 and 398: From the foregoing analysis it beco
- Page 399 and 400: Marumakkattyarn laws of Kera.a and
- Page 401 and 402: 399 CHAP!ER VI THE BEGINNINGS OF TH
- Page 403 and 404: 401 part of the ia].and in the four
- Page 405 and 406: aside these arguments and shown tha
- Page 407 and 408: 405 as well are baaed on the errone
- Page 409 and 410: the account of Ku!aa in some of the
- Page 411 and 412: 409 resembles in many ways the lion
- Page 413 and 414: 411 bhildren, a son and a daughter.
- Page 415 and 416: 413 and the avvaiapva-ifl!lai. In t
- Page 417 and 418: and obtained the arid peninsula of
- Page 419 and 420: derivation of the name and that is
- Page 421 and 422: ecently, there oceurs the name Subh
- Page 423 and 424: This statement is evidently due to
- Page 425 and 426: the basis of certain references in
- Page 427 and 428: d2 Vra-ca1nika, (Ka1ifikar-ma - Kin
- Page 429 and 430: 427 the inscription. Similarly, the
- Page 431 and 432: 429 P11 chronicle deals mainly with
- Page 433: 431 an island off the peninsula of
- Page 437 and 438: 435 obliged to abandon it ' This wo
- Page 439 and 440: 43? This is not quite convincing. D
- Page 441 and 442: 439 and driven away from the Sinhal
- Page 443 and 444: 441 is meant for those who were acc
- Page 445 and 446: 443 almost always in poetry, for a
- Page 447 and 448: 445 The text of this inscription fr
- Page 449 and 450: 447 1vaka to be accused of having b
- Page 451 and 452: have been active in Ceylon in the t
- Page 453 and 454: 451 inscriptions regarding the even
- Page 455 and 456: 453 Paranavitana takes JAvagama to
- Page 457 and 458: 455 No one would say that the latte
- Page 459 and 460: 457 If, as we have suggested earlie
- Page 461 and 462: 1 the T mi1 chronicles. 459 1. In h
- Page 463 and 464: ,.&+ra k.'ro Nia-sagrahaya and the
- Page 465 and 466: a Ca prince named lit'iki riya, wen
- Page 467 and 468: 463 The conclusion that Vicaym 1ci
- Page 469 and 470: 467 denote some connection with the
- Page 471 and 472: 463 nothing is known about this cit
- Page 473 and 474: 471 before 1262. As we know, betwee
- Page 475 and 476: These invaders could not be ousted
- Page 477 and 478: 473 given protection to the new kin
- Page 479 and 480: CHAPTER VII 477 THE BEGINNflGS OP T
- Page 481 and 482: 479 The astronomical details in the
- Page 483 and 484: 481 Pya I, began his rule in 115 an
- Page 485 and 486:
483 Of these six inscriptions, four
- Page 487 and 488:
485 Their inscriptions are not foun
- Page 489 and 490:
48? produced in Jaffna, the ancesto
- Page 491 and 492:
489 Ramnad who, as the ally of the
- Page 493 and 494:
491 Izvaram a sect of Brhm{ns calle
- Page 495 and 496:
493 the 7katTya kingdom by the Musl
- Page 497 and 498:
aii2rir.ii pairuvarai varavalaittu)
- Page 499 and 500:
497 very early tim.e We see, theref
- Page 501 and 502:
"4- found in his workAaeema to b•
- Page 503 and 504:
501 rTraAgam All these ryae of the
- Page 505 and 506:
503 Te 1c!iRi tluk, in the Tinn.v.1
- Page 507 and 508:
505 people from ya-nZu These settle
- Page 509 and 510:
nearly ten years after the date of
- Page 511 and 512:
509 attempting to seize power. Do Q
- Page 513 and 514:
511 was the case, the invasion of I
- Page 515 and 516:
513 to historians as the kingdom of
- Page 517 and 518:
51 and !I.ppam for the kingdoms of
- Page 519 and 520:
51? Ma4arial is a compound of two w
- Page 521 and 522:
519 also seen that the aa of the in
- Page 523 and 524:
521 Dem4a-paaji.ma (Tamil Port) was
- Page 525 and 526:
Jafana-en-putalain as a variant of
- Page 527 and 528:
525 the island, it was Na11Lr that
- Page 529 and 530:
527 does not state whether he was a
- Page 531 and 532:
529 But till very recently there wa
- Page 533 and 534:
531 that CiA1t2ink,r and flpipafuna
- Page 535 and 536:
533 to the use of the vT4 flag in C
- Page 537 and 538:
535 which (lands) end in the River
- Page 539 and 540:
537 Mracci-r4a has been identified
- Page 541 and 542:
539 be subordinate territories of i
- Page 543 and 544:
541 kingdom marks the cul mination
- Page 545 and 546:
543 in the island in this period. T
- Page 547 and 548:
545 the invasions of )!gba and the
- Page 549 and 550:
541 of the thirteenth century favou
- Page 551 and 552:
549 A SELT BIBLIOGRAPUT A, Tami]. I
- Page 553 and 554:
551 15. PLTva1iya, ed. A.V.Suravira
- Page 555 and 556:
553 IV. Modern Works (Articles on e
- Page 557 and 558:
555 2k. Indrapa].a, Karthigesu 'The
- Page 559 and 560:
557 k8. Paranavitana, Senarat (cont
- Page 561 and 562:
559 57. Taylor, William, Catalowue